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Peanut butter confirmed as the source in a case of infant botulism, United Kingdom, 2024. [PDF]

open access: yesEuro Surveill
Crane RJ   +14 more
europepmc   +1 more source
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Toxin-Antitoxin Systems as Phage Defense Elements.

Annual Review of Microbiology, 2022
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous genetic elements in bacteria that consist of a growth-inhibiting toxin and its cognate antitoxin. These systems are prevalent in bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, and phage genomes, but individual systems are ...
Michele LeRoux, M. Laub
semanticscholar   +1 more source

Toxin-antitoxin RNA pairs safeguard CRISPR-Cas systems

Science, 2021
Small RNAs guard CRISPR-Cas The microbial adaptive immunity system CRISPR-Cas benefits microbes by warding off genetic invaders, but it also inflicts a fitness cost because of occasional autoimmune reactions, rendering CRISPR loci evolutionarily unstable.
Ming Li   +11 more
semanticscholar   +1 more source

An arresting antitoxin

Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2021
This study provides evidence that an antisense RNA antitoxin is involved in persister cell formation by inhibiting transcription of a toxin and by inhibiting global translation.
openaire   +3 more sources

Type II Antitoxin HigA Is a Key Virulence Regulator in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

ACS Infectious Diseases, 2021
Bacterial type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are abundant genetic elements and are involved in a diverse array of physiological processes. These systems encode an antitoxin protein that directly binds and effectively neutralizes the protein toxin ...
Ying-Jie Song   +13 more
semanticscholar   +1 more source

Type I toxin-antitoxin systems in bacteria: from regulation to biological functions

EcoSal Plus
Toxin-antitoxin systems are ubiquitous in the prokaryotic world and widely distributed among chromosomes and mobile genetic elements. Several different toxin-antitoxin system types exist, but what they all have in common is that toxin activity is ...
Selene F H Shore   +3 more
semanticscholar   +1 more source

RNA antitoxins

Current Opinion in Microbiology, 2007
Recent genomic analyses revealed a surprisingly large number of toxin-antitoxin loci in free-living prokaryotes. The antitoxins are proteins or antisense RNAs that counteract the toxins. Two antisense RNA-regulated toxin-antitoxin gene families, hok/sok and ldr, are unrelated sequence-wise but have strikingly similar properties at the level of gene and
Gerdes K, Wagner EGH
openaire   +3 more sources

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