Results 251 to 260 of about 2,513,508 (291)
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2003
The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of the techniques used to observe the atmosphere, and the physical principles involved. In particular, we attempt to highlight characteristics of different observation types that need to be taken into account when using them in an atmospheric data assimilation system.
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The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of the techniques used to observe the atmosphere, and the physical principles involved. In particular, we attempt to highlight characteristics of different observation types that need to be taken into account when using them in an atmospheric data assimilation system.
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Observations by Atmospheric Radar
2013Atmospheric radars are capable of continuously monitoring echo power spectrum in the vicinity of the zenith. From the spectrum, echo intensity, Doppler velocity, and velocity spectrum width are derivable over the wide altitude range 1–100 km in the Earth’s atmosphere. In this chapter, observations by atmospheric radar are discussed.
Shoichiro Fukao, Kyosuke Hamazu
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Development of Observations of Atmospherics
1976Investigations of atmospherics have been carried out with regard to the determination of various problems. In terms of their topics, they can be divided into three main groups: investigations of radio noise, thunder activity, and conditions of radio waves propagation.
B. K. Inkov, L. G. Makhotkin
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Observation of atmospheric neutrinos
Reviews of Modern Physics, 2001Atmospheric neutrinos arise from the decay of secondaries (π, K and μ) produced by primary cosmic-ray interactions in the atmosphere. In the energy range below 1GeV, where all secondaries decay, we roughly expect that (v μ + v μ )/(v e + v e ) ≃2. This is because a π-decay produces a v μ and a μ; the μ, when it decays, produces another v μ and a v e ...
Takaaki Kajita, Yoji Totsuka
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Atmospheric Changes and Observations
2019Earth’s atmosphere is usually air layer of the solid Earth outer, which is an important part of the Earth’s natural environment. It is the condition indispensable to the survival of life on Earth and also protective for life on Earth. With developments and advances in space technologies, human activities are involving into the upper atmosphere and ...
Shuanggen Jin, R. Jin, X. Liu
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Observing the Atmosphere-A Challenge
Proceedings of the IRE, 1962Recent developments in aerospace technology make it possible to probe all regions of the atmosphere. Suitable sensors for taking observations in all regions do not yet exist. Electronics scientists and engineers are usually not familiar with these problems but they have the knowhow needed to solve them technically.
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Observations of H2O2 and PAN in a rural atmosphere
Environmental Pollution, 1992Measurements of gaseous H2O2 and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) concentrations in air are given for a site in rural southern England over an approximately 4-year period. In both cases the data show both diurnal and seasonal patterns. Temperature and wind direction had clear influences on the recorded concentrations of both species.
G J, Dollard, T J, Davies
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Atmospheric Observation of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases around Four Chemical Plants in China
Atmosphere, 2023Jing Wu, Tong Wang
exaly
Atmospheric turbulence and surface atmospheric electricity observations
2004Durable and low maintenance atmospheric electricity sensors are required if measurements which span long (year to decade) timescales are to be obtained. A passive spherical sensor, together with a high impedance electrometer, presents one method of monitoring the vertical Potential Gradient at the surface.
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On-Earth Observation of Low Earth Orbit Targets through Phase Disturbances by Atmospheric Turbulence
Remote Sensing, 2023Yang Yi, Kainan Wang, Xuemin Zhang
exaly