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A simple model of Birkeland currents
Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 1993A simple representation of the global circuit of Birkeland currents is developed, based on a representation of the current density j in terms of Euler potentials (αχ). The underlying magnetic field, which shares with j the potential α, is assumed to be dipolar, making the model applicable mainly to region 2 Birkeland currents, although a similar ...
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Sources of Large-Scale Birkeland Currents
1994Magnetic field observations conducted from satellites nearly 30 years ago confirmed the presence of field-aligned currents proposed by Kristian Birkeland, criticized by Sydney Chapman, and promoted by Hannes Alfven. Such currents are one of the most important elements in the circuit between interplanetary space, the magnetosphere, and the polar ...
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Birkeland currents in an anisotropic, magnetostatic plasma
Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 1992An expression for the parallel current density is derived for a plasma characterized by negligible bulk flow (magnetostatic) velocity and a two‐component (anisotropic) pressure tensor by expanding the equilibrium Vlasov equation for each species in the adiabatic parameter until such point as a nonvanishing moment j∥ = ∫ d³ υυ∥ ƒ is identified.
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Observation of Birkeland currents with the TRIAD satellite
Astrophysics and Space Science, 1978The intimate connection between geomagnetic storms and the aurora was appreciated by many early scientists including Edmund Halley and Anders Celsius, but the first serious study of this phenomena was made by Kristian Birkeland who, during his polar expeditions of 1902–1903, determined that large-scale ionospheric current were associated with the ...
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Detailed monitoring reveals the nature of submarine turbidity currents
Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 2023Peter J Talling +2 more
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Fast and destructive density currents created by ocean-entering volcanic eruptions
Science, 2023Michael A Clare +2 more
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Birkeland Currents: Present Understanding and Some Remaining Questions
1983Kristian Birkeland determined that large-scale ionospheric currents were associated with the aurora. He deduced this from his surface magnetic field measurements in the polar regions at the beginning of the twentieth century. He suggested that these “auroral currents” originated far from the Earth and that they flowed into and away from the polar ...
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Exploring pyroclastic density currents with analogue models
Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 2022Nemi Walding
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