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Balancing insect energy budgets
Oecologia, 1985Energy budgets are based upon the equation C=P P + R + FU, where C = Consumption, P = Production, R = Respiration, and FU= Rejecta (comprising F, egesta, and U, excreta). In studies of insect energetics where all four quantities have been measured, the completed budget rarely balances.
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Balanced Budget Requirements Revisited
Public Finance Review, 2021We test the effect of balanced budget requirements (BBRs) on budget outcomes using data published in audited financial statements. With a focus on the General Fund, we find states frequently reported deficits in their adopted budgets and relied on sizeable and favorable expenditure variances to close budget gaps before the end of the budget period ...
Sharon N. Kioko, Michelle L. Lofton
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Chemical & Engineering News Archive, 1997
Congress has performed its part of the budget-balancing act. The numbers are now in and the analysts are hard at work striving to understand what they mean. But the real budget battles are just beginning. Those battles will be fierce, and the outlook for federal research and development spending is "far from rosy," says Kei Koizumi, an analyst who ...
WIL LEPKOWSKI, JANICE LONG
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Congress has performed its part of the budget-balancing act. The numbers are now in and the analysts are hard at work striving to understand what they mean. But the real budget battles are just beginning. Those battles will be fierce, and the outlook for federal research and development spending is "far from rosy," says Kei Koizumi, an analyst who ...
WIL LEPKOWSKI, JANICE LONG
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Journal of Macroeconomics, 1996
Abstract This paper extends the analysis of balanced budget multipliers in the context of the standard neoclassical model by looking at the effects of changes in public sector employment. I look at the potential for multiplier effects associated with changes in the level of steady-state government purchases and steady-state government employment.
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Abstract This paper extends the analysis of balanced budget multipliers in the context of the standard neoclassical model by looking at the effects of changes in public sector employment. I look at the potential for multiplier effects associated with changes in the level of steady-state government purchases and steady-state government employment.
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The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1954
Introduction, 191. — I. Views of the classical economists, 192. — II. Major characteristics of Keynesian thinking about national debt and deficits, 206. — III. Reasons for slight Keynesian impact on prevalent attitude towards government debts and deficits in this country, 210; reasons for widespread acceptance of doctrine of balanced budgets for the ...
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Introduction, 191. — I. Views of the classical economists, 192. — II. Major characteristics of Keynesian thinking about national debt and deficits, 206. — III. Reasons for slight Keynesian impact on prevalent attitude towards government debts and deficits in this country, 210; reasons for widespread acceptance of doctrine of balanced budgets for the ...
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1992
So far we started from the premise that government purchases and the tax rate are given exogenously. In this situation, the government budget constraint equals B = G + rD − t(Y + rD). And the budget deficit adds to public debt \(\dot{D}\) = B. Now, as an exception, we shall posit that the government continuously adjusts public consumption so as to ...
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So far we started from the premise that government purchases and the tax rate are given exogenously. In this situation, the government budget constraint equals B = G + rD − t(Y + rD). And the budget deficit adds to public debt \(\dot{D}\) = B. Now, as an exception, we shall posit that the government continuously adjusts public consumption so as to ...
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Survey-Based Structural Budget Balances
2021The budget dispute between Italy and the European Commission in 2018 gave new impetus for the debate about the reliability of output gap estimation methods and their use for calculating structural budget balances. In this paper we review the main properties of the mainstream approaches and compare their performance with structural budget balances ...
Göttert, Marcell, Wollmershäuser, Timo
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Science, 2001
T he new administration's science budget, sketchily outlined in a request to Congress, brought March in like a lion for the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Although that is likely to please our biomedical readers, the budget will disappoint almost everyone else. But from the unfortunates, the silence has been deafening, at least so far. The Battle
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T he new administration's science budget, sketchily outlined in a request to Congress, brought March in like a lion for the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Although that is likely to please our biomedical readers, the budget will disappoint almost everyone else. But from the unfortunates, the silence has been deafening, at least so far. The Battle
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Structural Budget Balance [PDF]
, 2013 Euro Area member states have agreed to introduce a structural budget balance target to their national legislation (Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance). However, there exists no commonly agreed methodology to calculate this macroeconomic indicator.
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