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Risk factors associated with rectal carriage of carbapenem resistant Enterobacterales in northern Nigeria: a hospital surveillance. [PDF]

open access: yesBMC Infect Dis
Yaqub Y   +11 more
europepmc   +1 more source
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Oral contraceptive use and venous thromboembolism: a consideration of the impact of bias and confounding factors on epidemiological studies

The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 1996
Recent epidemiological studies have reported an approximately two-fold, significant, increased odds ratio for venous thromboembolism in users of third-generation oral contraceptives (OCs) compared to users of second-generation OCs. However, in each study, this association is of borderline statistical significance, and the studies do not indicate an ...
H, Rekers, T, Norpoth, M A, Michaels
openaire   +2 more sources

Two critical confounding factors in periodontal epidemiology.

Community dental health, 1992
The prevalence and severity of periodontitis is considerably lower than was previously estimated. The available epidemiological methods are based on the premise that loss of periodontal attachment is a unique sign of periodontitis. However, additional factors resulting in loss of periodontal attachment confound data obtained from modern studies.
N G, Clarke, R S, Hirsch
openaire   +1 more source

Hypothesis: Gonadal Hormones Act as Confounders in Epidemiological Studies of the Associations between Some Behavioural Risk Factors and Some Pathological Conditions

Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2001
There are grounds for suspecting that, to varying degrees, smoking, alcohol consumption, oral contraceptive use, vasectomy and induced abortion are markers for high steroid hormone levels. So in epidemiological studies, false inferences may be drawn that these markers (treated as risk factors) have causal or exacerbating effects on diseases which are ...
openaire   +2 more sources

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