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Confounding factors in rhinological research
Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, 2013Basic science studies directed at understanding the inflammatory mechanisms in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are increasing, yet their relevance to the underlying disease process is often conflicting and confounded by the enrollment of a heterogeneous CRS population.
Pant, H. +3 more
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Interpretation: a confounding factor
Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 2016With reference to the article "Passive euthanasia in India: a critique", authored by Ms Rohini Shukla and published online on August 5, 2015, I would like to make a few comments and highlight the following points. First, the author notes that Section 309 IPC has been decriminalised.
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Aspects of misclassification of confounding factors
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1992AbstractMisclassification of exposure in epidemiologic investigations has been extensively studied and is now well understood. In contrast, misclassification of confounding factors has been much less investigated. First, we consider a situation with confounding by age, in which misclassification is introduced through stratification of this inherently ...
A, Ahlbom, G, Steineck
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Confounding factors in toxicity testing
Toxicology, 2001The necessity for understanding normal human functions and the mechanisms which underlie dysfunction in these processes is essential in the promotion of a healthier lifestyle. To achieve this goal utilization of a suitable animal model is necessary in order to develop new pharmaceutical agents to alleviate diseases or chemicals to enhance the quality ...
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Confounding Factors in Coral Reef Recovery
Science, 2000The effects of the Mount St. Helens eruption on the surrounding forest and the processes affecting recovery from this major disturbance, which Franklin and MacMahon discuss in their Perspective “Messages from a mountain” ( Science 's Compass, 19 May, p. [1183][1]), are similar to the effects of hurricanes on coral reefs.
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Confounding Factors in Contrastive Analysis
Synthese, 2004Several authors within psychology, neuroscience and philosophy take for granted that standard empirical research techniques are applicable when studying consciousness. In this article, it is discussed whether one of the key methods in cognitive neuroscience – the contrastive analysis – suffers from any serious confounding when applied to the field of ...
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Confounding Involving Several Risk Factors
2012This lesson considers how the assessment of confounding gets somewhat more complicated when controlling for more than one risk factor. In particular, when several risk factors are being controlled, we may find that considering all risk factors simultaneously may not lead to the same conclusion as when considering risk factors separately.
David G. Kleinbaum +2 more
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Confounding factors in observational hip fracture studies
Anaesthesia, 2014In a large observational study assess-ing postoperative outcomes byanaesthesia methods for hip fracturesurgery, White and colleaguesshowed no significant difference ineither postoperative five-day or 30-day mortality between patientsreceiving general and spinal anaes-thesia [1].
F S, Xue, S Y, Wang, X L, Cui
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Brain Death: Assessment, Controversy, and Confounding Factors
Critical Care Nurse, 2013When brain injury is refractory to aggressive management and is considered nonsurvivable, with loss of consciousness and brain stem reflexes, a brain death protocol may be initiated to determine death according to neurological criteria. Clinical evaluation typically entails 2 consecutive formal neurological examinations to document total loss of ...
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