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2020
This chapter focuses on the direct effect of European law in the national legal orders. The European Union insists on a monistic relationship between European and national law. This, in particular, means that the EU will itself determine the effect of its law in the national legal orders.
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This chapter focuses on the direct effect of European law in the national legal orders. The European Union insists on a monistic relationship between European and national law. This, in particular, means that the EU will itself determine the effect of its law in the national legal orders.
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Note: Direct piezoelectric effect microscopy
Review of Scientific Instruments, 2015An alternative method for investigating piezoelectric surfaces is suggested, exploiting the direct piezoeffect. The technique relies on acoustic (ultrasonic) excitation of the imaged surface and mapping of the resulting oscillatory electric potential. The main advantages arise from the spatial resolution of the conductive scanning probe microscopy in ...
T. J. A. Mori +2 more
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2007
Abstract Many commentators have called Brown the most important Court decision of the twentieth century, perhaps the most important ever. Yet judicial decisions can matter in many different ways. This chapter considers Brown’s direct consequences: How much school desegregation did it produce?
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Abstract Many commentators have called Brown the most important Court decision of the twentieth century, perhaps the most important ever. Yet judicial decisions can matter in many different ways. This chapter considers Brown’s direct consequences: How much school desegregation did it produce?
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Abstract Chapter III, first, defines subjective substitutive direct effect as it takes shape in Van Gend & Loos and the doctrine stemming from it. In doing so, special attention is devoted to the conferral of rights and the substitution effects stemming from the duty of disapplication as the key elements of such manifestation of ...
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Abstract Chapter IV illustrates why direct effect is an evolving, many-sided, and polysemic notion that cannot be traced back solely to the Van Gend & Loos doctrine. Indeed, it is demonstrated that direct effect does not always come along either with the immediate conferral of a right by an EU norm or with the capacity of the latter ...
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Direct cell reprogramming: approaches, mechanisms and progress
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2021Haofei Wang, Jiandong Liu, Li Qian
exaly