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Focal length, EFL, and the eye

Applied Optics, 2023
The focal length is often called the effective focal length, or efl instead, and although this is acceptable for a lens in air, it is not otherwise correct. The eye is used as an example here for an optical system where the object is in air and the image is in fluid.
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Determination of focal length of large focal length convex lenses

Optics and Laser Technology, 1996
In the determination of focal length of large focal length lenses, conventionally, a large length of optical bench is needed to accommodate the experimental set-up, and the measurements are associated with bench errors. In order to overcome these drawbacks, a simple method is suggested wherein the use of a plane mirror reduces the required length of ...
O. Prakash, R.S. Ram
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Variable focal length microlenses

Optics Communications, 2000
Abstract Refractive surface relief microlenses (150 μm diameter) are immersed in nematic liquid crystal in a cell. Application of a variable voltage across the cell effectively varies the refractive index of the liquid crystal and results in a change of the focal length by the lensmakers formula (E.
David R Selviah
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Focal length and compression of space

Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2002
Images taken with long telephoto lenses exhibit a characteristic perspective distortion known as compression of space. Objects that are actually far apart appear unusually close together, and observed texture gradients and optic flows impart a distorted sense of orientation and depth. An attempt is made to quantify the space compression.
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