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Hardship and Force Majeure

The American Journal of Comparative Law, 1992
The first and paramount task of international commercial contracts is organizing the relationship between the parties in an optimal manner. This means that contracts must determine the rights and duties of the parties so that the transaction works smoothly and its costs can be minimized. A second important task is providing remedies for cases of breach
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A Note on Force Majeure in Islamic Law

Arab Law Quarterly, 1991
A contract may be prematurely terminated by subsequent clauses such as Force Majeure or supervening impossibility of performance. Although subsequent events are not strictly relevant to the system of Nullities at the formation of contract, the incidence of Force Majeure will be treated briefly here since the validity and effects of the contract may be ...
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Change of Circumstances and ‘ Force Majeure ’ Clauses

2017
Abstract This chapter looks at regimes for change of circumstances and other future events which have an impact on performance. These are universally known as force majeure provisions. Such clauses opt out of the narrow and uncertain scope of the common law doctrine of frustration.
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La force majeure procédurale

2022
Le code de procédure civile français mobilise depuis peu les notions de « cause étrangère » et de « force majeure » en vue d'exonérer de sanction les plaideurs ayant manqué d'honorer une incombance procédurale particulière. Ces notions jouent dans des espaces bien déterminés, à savoir la communication par voie électronique et la procédure d'appel.
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