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Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies
1987Numerous galaxies similar to our own can be observed at distances far beyond the boundaries of our Galaxy. Sometimes they are referred to as “extragalactic nebulae” because they look like faint nebulae when seen through small telescopes. Consequently they were initially given names such as the “Magellanic Clouds”, the “Andromeda nebula” and so forth.
Georgios Contopoulos, Dimitrios Kotsakis
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2000
Before stellar evolution theory reached its present stage, galactic evolution ideas were tentative and depended not so much on physical arguments (e.g. galactic dynamics) but intuitive notions based on observations of galaxy shapes. Historically this is quite understandable.
Michael Stecker, Bernard Abrams
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Before stellar evolution theory reached its present stage, galactic evolution ideas were tentative and depended not so much on physical arguments (e.g. galactic dynamics) but intuitive notions based on observations of galaxy shapes. Historically this is quite understandable.
Michael Stecker, Bernard Abrams
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The Origin of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies
Science, 1984Debate on how galaxies and clusters of galaxies formed has reached an interesting stage at which one can find arguments for quite different scenarios. The galaxy distribution has a complex "frothy" character that could be the fossil of a network of protoclusters or pancakes that produced galaxies.
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2004
Few galaxies are loners: almost all are members of groups of at least a dozen systems. The Milky Way is no exception. It is the second brightest in a group of three dozen, mostly dwarf, galaxies. The brightest member of the Local Galaxy Group is the Andromeda Spiral M31. The most luminous members of the Local Group, including all those visible with any
Craig Crossen, Gerald Rhemann
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Few galaxies are loners: almost all are members of groups of at least a dozen systems. The Milky Way is no exception. It is the second brightest in a group of three dozen, mostly dwarf, galaxies. The brightest member of the Local Galaxy Group is the Andromeda Spiral M31. The most luminous members of the Local Group, including all those visible with any
Craig Crossen, Gerald Rhemann
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An analytic expression for the luminosity function for galaxies
, 1976A new analytic approximation for the luminosity function for galaxies is proposed, which shows good agreement with both a luminosity distribution for bright nearby galaxies and a composite luminosity distribution for cluster galaxies.
P. Schechter
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Properties of galaxies reproduced by a hydrodynamic simulation
Nature, 2014Previous simulations of the growth of cosmic structures have broadly reproduced the ‘cosmic web’ of galaxies that we see in the Universe, but failed to create a mixed population of elliptical and spiral galaxies, because of numerical inaccuracies and ...
M. Vogelsberger +14 more
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Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies
, 2012G. de Vaucouleurs +5 more
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