Results 121 to 130 of about 434,331 (280)

Obligation, Exemption and Remission: The Multi‐Layered Functioning of the Poll Tax (Cizye) in Ottoman Governance during the Long Eighteenth Century

open access: yesHistory, EarlyView.
Abstract This article examines the poll tax (Ottoman Turkish cizye; Arabic jizya) levied on non‐Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire, not as a fixed, one‐dimensional tax item within the Ottoman fiscal system but as a multi‐layered administrative instrument organized around obligation, exemption and remission.
ÖZLEM BAŞARIR
wiley   +1 more source

AGRICULTURE IN A SOCIALIST CITY: Towards an Alter‐Urban Political Ecology

open access: yesInternational Journal of Urban and Regional Research, EarlyView.
Abstract Urban political ecology has developed as a critique of capitalist urbanization. This article develops the concept of alter‐urban political ecology to define urban environments emerging not from capitalist urbanization but from efforts to transform it. Drawing on archival research and ethnographic fieldwork in five urban farms in socialist Cuba,
Gustav Cederlöf
wiley   +1 more source

Evaluation of the inmate grievance procedure : inspectors' survey

open access: yes, 2008
Title from PDF p. [1] (viewed on Apr.
Ohio. Correctional Institution Inspection Committee.
core  

PARTY‐STATE URBANISM: Coevolution of Local State Capacity and Strategic Alliances in Shenzhen

open access: yesInternational Journal of Urban and Regional Research, EarlyView.
Abstract What is distinct about Chinese urban governance? Classic theories predict that when the central state retreats from resource allocation, capacity‐strained local governments must form alliances with non‐state actors, thereby diluting state power. In China, however, state power remains dominant despite decentralization.
Yunhan Wen
wiley   +1 more source

To Announce or Not to Announce? A Study on the Impact of Unannounced School Inspections Through a Systematic Review and a Pilot Study in the Netherlands

open access: yes
Abstract This article presents the findings of an exploratory study by the Netherlands’ Inspectorate of Education, which investigated whether unannounced school inspections can strengthen the quality and impact of educational supervision. Although inspections in the Netherlands are traditionally announced in advance, this study examines
Mariëlle Klerks, Merel Spanier
openaire   +1 more source

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