Obligation to refer - Open Access .click

Arbitration International, 2001
‘PARTIES WHO submit their disputes to arbitration expect the proceedings to be private, expeditious, and final’.1 One of the big advantages of arbitration over litigation is party autonomy. Autonomy does not always mean arbitral exclusivity.2 At times parties rely on courts to ‘secure the integrity of their agreements to arbitrate’.3 Courts are able to
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Are conscientious objectors morally obligated to refer?

Journal of Medical Ethics, 2021
AbstractIn this paper, we argue that providers who conscientiously refuse to provide legal and professionally accepted medical care are not always morally required to refer their patients to willing providers. Indeed, we will argue that refusing to refer is morally admirable in certain instances.
Samuel Reis-Dennis, Abram L Brummett
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When Are National Courts Obliged to Refer Questions?

2021
AbstractChapter 6 defines when a national court must make a preliminary reference. In principle, a national court whose decision cannot be appealed against (a court of last instance) is obligated to make a reference for a preliminary ruling if the main proceedings give rise to a question about the interpretation or validity of EU law.
Morten Broberg, Niels Fenger
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humans
16. peace & justice
3. good health

referral and consultation
eu law
13. climate action

ethics, medical
social responsibility
law