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Licensing competent children to assist institutional review boards. [PDF]

J Med Ethics
Owusu SA, Passos-Ferreira C.
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Parochial altruism in humans

Nature, 2006
Social norms and the associated altruistic behaviours are decisive for the evolution of human cooperation and the maintenance of social order, and they affect family life, politics and economic interactions. However, as altruistic norm compliance and norm enforcement often emerge in the context of inter-group conflicts, they are likely to be shaped by ...
Helen, Bernhard, Urs, Fischbacher, Ernst, Fehr   +2 more
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Oxytocin, but not vasopressin, increases both parochial and universal altruism [PDF]

Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2012
In today's increasingly interconnected world, deciding with whom and at what level to cooperate becomes a matter of increasing importance as societies become more globalized and large-scale cooperation becomes a viable means of addressing global issues. This tension can play out via competition between local (e.g.
Israel, S., Weisel, O., Ebstein, R.P., Bornstein, G.   +3 more
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The Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War

Science, 2007
Altruism—benefiting fellow group members at a cost to oneself—and parochialism—hostility toward individuals not of one's own ethnic, racial, or other group—are common human behaviors. The intersection of the two—which we term “parochial altruism”—is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective because altruistic or parochial behavior reduces one's payoffs
Jung-Kyoo, Choi, Samuel, Bowles
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Parochialism, Altruism, and War

2011
This chapter examines the coevolution of two genetically transmitted individual traits, parochialism and altruism, each providing the conditions for the evolutionary success of the other, and both jointly explaining why warfare was so frequent and lethal among early humans.
Samuel Bowles, Herbert Gintis
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Evolution of parochial altruism by multilevel selection

Evolution and Human Behavior, 2011
The evolution of parochial altruism is not well understood. We study this problem by considering a prisoner's dilemma game with four strategies: altruists who cooperate with everyone; parochialists who only cooperate with members of their own group; traitors who only cooperate with outgroup individuals; and egoists who never cooperate.
Garcia, J., van den Bergh, J.C.J.M.
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Emergence of parochial altruism in well-mixed populations

Physics Letters A, 2015
zbMATH Open Web Interface contents unavailable due to conflicting licenses.
Gao, Shiping, Wu, Te, Wang, Long
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The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Regulates Parochial Altruism in Intergroup Conflict Among Humans

Science, 2010
Oxytocin and Intergroup Conflict Human society is organized into groups, such as those based on nationality or religion, which can lead to intergroup conflicts, with sometimes devastating consequences. Intergroup conflict engages a human behavior termed parochial altruism: For example, a soldier who fights against
de Dreu, C.K.W., Greer, L.L., Handgraaf, M.J.J., Shalvi, S., van Kleef, G.A., Baas, M., ten Velden, F.S., van Dijk, E., Feith, S.W.W.   +8 more
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Islamist Terrorism as Parochial Altruism

Terrorism and Political Violence, 2017
AbstractAn evolutionary approach is used to explain how certain universal cognitive mechanisms (parochial altruism) underlie engagement and involvement in Islamist terrorism.
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Inframoralization predicts parochial altruism in ideological conflict

2017
Ideological conflict characterizes many of the most harmful manifestations of human aggression, including terrorism, genocide and war. Often this aggression is morally motivated, and imposes personal costs on the aggressor—features not fully accounted for by prior work.
Tappin, Ben, McKay, Ryan
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