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Metallurgical Processing of Polymetallic Ocean Nodules
2017During the last five decades metallurgical processing of polymetallic nodule is of global interest—as well as a challenge—for researchers, and industries. This has generated a vast knowledge base, but till now there is no commercial operation. Some of the main reasons are: (1) lack of a techno-economically feasible mining operation, (2) poor economics ...
R. P. Das, S. Anand
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Exploration for polymetallic nodules in the Indian ocean
Ocean Development & International Law, 1988Abstract A study of polymetallic nodules in the Indian Ocean taken up as an R & D Project has been extended into an exploratory programme for nodule resources. Recognition of India as a Pioneer Investor by the UNCLOS led to the acceleration of the programme to meet time targets. Planning and coordination ensured accuracy and success of the programme by
H.N. Siddiquie, P.S. Rao
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Composition, Formation, and Occurrence of Polymetallic Nodules
2017Manganese nodules occur as two-dimensional deposits in abyssal plains of all major oceans. In the Clarion-Clipperton Zone of the northeast equatorial Pacific alone, the amount of nodules is estimated to 21 billion tons indicating the huge potential of this deposit type.
T. Kuhn +3 more
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Regulations on Polymetallic Nodules Adopted
Environmental Policy and Law, 2000openaire +1 more source
Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules
1980This paper is an introduction to the field of polymetallic nodule exploration, most of which lies at the bottom of the ocean below 15,000 ft. Among the minerals that are expected to be found under the ocean, polymetallic nodules are probably the most unusual.
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Marine biominerals: perspectives and challenges for polymetallic nodules and crusts
Trends in Biotechnology, 2009Deep sea minerals in polymetallic nodules, crusts and hydrothermal vents are not only formed by mineralization but also by biologically driven processes involving microorganisms (biomineralization). Within the nodules, free-living and biofilm-forming bacteria provide the matrix for manganese deposition, and in cobalt-rich crusts, coccolithophores ...
Xiaohong, Wang, Werner E G, Müller
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Distribution of Microfossils Within Polymetallic Nodules: Biogenic Clusters Within Manganese Layers
Marine Biotechnology, 2011Biomineralization is the process by which living organisms or organic matrices produced by them initiate and structure deposition of inorganic polymers/minerals. Deep-sea polymetallic nodules and crusts have recently been recognized as biominerals that are formed around bio-seeds; these deposits are of economic value.
Xiaohong Wang +5 more
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Sustainable Processing of Deep-Sea Polymetallic Nodules
2017The possibility of commercialization of processing technology for sea nodules has been linked with comparisons with similar terrestrial process operations. In addition to techno-economic viability, an added focus to commercialization is the sustainability of the process route. The general context of sustainability is discussed.
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Estimation of Reliability of Underwater Polymetallic Nodule Mining Machine
Marine Technology Society Journal, 2015AbstractThis paper presents the reliability analysis carried out on the subsystems of the underwater polymetallic nodule mining machine developed by National Institute of Ocean Technology, India, which is being enhanced for polymetallic nodule mining technology demonstration at 6,000-m water depth in the Central Indian Ocean Basin, where manganese ...
Nidhi Varshney +6 more
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Electrolytic manganese dioxide from polymetallic nodules
OCEANS 2022 - Chennai, 2022Barsha Marandi +5 more
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