Results 51 to 60 of about 16,250 (189)
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Volume 37, Issue 7, July 2026.Abstract Background Newborn screening (NBS) for inborn errors of immunity increasingly uses T‐cell receptor excision circles (TREC) and, in some programs, Kappa‐deleting recombination excision circles (KREC) to detect early T‐ and B‐cell lymphopenia. While TREC‐based screening is well established, the significance and management of isolated low KREC ...
Guarnieri Valentina +15 more
wiley +1 more source
Market structure and credit card pricing: what drives the interchange? [PDF]
This paper presents a model for the credit card industry, where oligopolistic card networks price their products in a complex marketplace with competing payment instruments, rational consumers/merchants, and competitive card issuers/acquirers.
Zhu Wang
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Payment Card Network Pricing - A Theoretical Approach Analyzing the Relationship between Downstream Market Characteristics and the Merchant Usage Fee [PDF]
In this thesis the model of a payment card network is constructed to explore the impact of downstream market characteristics (i.e., the market where merchants and consumers interact) on the merchant and the interchange fee, thereby extending the ...
Langlet, Markus
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A puzzle of card payment pricing : why are merchants still accepting card payments? [PDF]
This paper presents models that explain why merchants accept payment cards even when the fees they face exceed the transactional benefits they receive from a card transaction. Such merchant behaviors can be explained by competition among merchants and/or
Fumiko Hayashi
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Do U.S. consumers really benefit from payment card rewards? [PDF]
Payment card rewards programs have become increasingly popular in the United States. But do consumers really benefit from rewards? In the United States, rewards are paid for primarily by the fees charged to merchants, and merchants may pass on the fees ...
Fumiko Hayashi
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The economics of payment card fee structure: policy considerations of payment card rewards [PDF]
This paper considers possible public policies that could improve efficiency and welfare distribution in the U.S. retail payments industry. Mainly, four options, i) encouraging competition; ii) allowing merchants to surcharge; iii) regulating merchant ...
Fumiko Hayashi
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The Future of Charge Card Networks [PDF]
The general-purpose charge card is now ubiquitous and largely taken for granted. Annual charge card volume exceeds $5 trillion worldwide. Within the United States, nearly one billion cards are in use (about eight per household), and more than two billion
Pollock, Alex J., Litan, Robert E.
core +1 more source
A Study of the Interrelated Bilateral Transactions in Credit Card Networks [PDF]
Over the last decade, consumers have tripled their use of credit cards as more merchants have increased their acceptance of them. This increase suggests that incentives in today's marketplace favor greater credit card use by consumers and acceptance by ...
Alpa Shah, Sujit Chakravorti
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Smart Card Applications and Systems [PDF]
, 2004 Securing data is becoming of the utmost strategic importance in today’s digital environment. Open wide networks such as the Internet and inter-dependencies of modern systems have reshaped security requirements of smart card platforms.
Pierre Cotte +2 more
core +1 more source
Debit card interchange fees generally lead to cash-promoting cross-subsidisation [PDF]
Cards and cash are competing payment instruments at point-of-sale. The twosided market platform theory, based on general benefit assumptions, supports the use of multilateral interchange fees for card payments as a means of promoting the use of cards ...
Leinonen, Harry
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