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, 2010 A variety of questions in causal inference can be represented as probability distributions over hypothetical worlds where idealized randomized experiments known as interventions have taken place.
Tian, Jin, Shpitser, Ilya
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Lexical and grammatical conjunctions: the case of "por causa de"
Gragoatá, 2006 In this article we analyze the emergence of the lexical conjunction por causa (de) que (by cause of that) in spoken Brazilian Portuguese, focusing tokens collected from 64 hours of tape-recorded interviews with speakers born in Rio de Janeiro in the ...
Maria da Conceição Auxiliadora de Paiva +1 more
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Journal of Ecology, Volume 114, Issue 7, July 2026.Widely studied stability drivers such as plant diversity and functional composition have only partial explanatory power for short‐term drought resistance of above‐ground productivity in grasslands at a global scale. The abiotic context, particularly long‐term aridity, is crucial for understanding ecosystem responses to rainfall variation and can ...
Diana Bertuol‐Garcia +44 more
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Equine Veterinary Journal, Volume 58, Issue 4, Page 1103-1115, July 2026.Abstract Background Physical restraint of horses for veterinary procedures is necessary to allow completion of tasks effectively and without injury to patient or personnel. Objectives To compare physiological effects and behavioural responses to four commonly used restraint techniques for upper respiratory tract (URT) endoscopy in unsedated horses ...
Claire O'Brien +5 more
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Ibis, Volume 168, Issue 3, Page 972-984, July 2026.Phylogeographical studies of Amazonian birds have revealed large intraspecific diversity, even within recognized areas of endemism. To understand the origin and organization of Amazonian diversity, including the influence of current and historical landscapes, we need to evaluate fine‐scale patterns of genetic diversity in relation to detailed ...
Affonso Henrique Nascimento de Souza +4 more
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Correlational data, causal hypotheses, and validity [PDF]
, 2010 A shared problem across the sciences is to make sense of correlational data coming from observations and/or from experiments. Arguably, this means establishing when correlations are causal and when they are not. This is an old problem in philosophy. This
Russo, Federica, Federica Russo
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Nexo de causalidade e juízo de equidade: da certeza à mera possibilidade
Civilistica.com, 2022 A variedade de teorias sobre o nexo de causalidade evidencia a dificuldade de se estabelecer um conceito suficiente do instituto. O caráter ontológico da relação causal torna sua definição jurídica problemática, pois a natureza deontológica do Direito ...
Arthur Lutiheri Baptista Nespoli +1 more
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Economia Aplicada, 2018 Este estudo investiga a dinâmica dos gastos do governo brasileiro baseando-se em três abordagens: a Lei de Wagner, a Ilusão Fiscal e o nexo causal com as receitas.
Pedro Henrique Martins Prado +1 more
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Ecological Entomology, Volume 51, Issue 3, Page 558-569, June 2026.Agricultural cover was positively associated with fluctuating asymmetry in Trypoxylon opacum, suggesting a possible increase in developmental instability in intensively managed landscapes. Wing size was positively related to forest cover and negatively related to agricultural cover, indicating that forested landscapes may promote larger body size ...
Luana Vieira Carlin dos Santos +3 more
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A note on efficient minimum cost adjustment sets in causal graphical models [PDF]
, 2022 We study the selection of adjustment sets for estimating the interventional mean under an individualized treatment rule. We assume a non-parametric causal graphical model with, possibly, hidden variables and at least one adjustment set composed of ...
Rotnitzky, Andrea, Smucler, Ezequiel
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