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Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on physical activity and pain evaluation in osteoarthritic dogs

open access: yesVeterinary Record, EarlyView.
Abstract Background Osteoarthritis (OA) causes chronic pain and reduces welfare in dogs. Standard treatments may be inadequate or associated with adverse effects, prompting investigation of alternative therapies. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non‐pharmacological pain management method, but evidence for its efficacy in canine ...
Anja Pedersen   +5 more
wiley   +1 more source

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