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Gas Ionization by Runaway Electrons
Russian Physics Journal, 2002A description of the development of a runaway electron avalanche in helium is presented. It is demonstrated that the ionization coefficient α approaches a steady-state value αst even in a very strong field. The dependences of α and αst and also of the transient length of αst on the field strength in the transient region are obtained. The experimentally
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Physical Review A, 1981
The phenomenon of cross-field runaway electrons can occur in cases where large dc electric fields with steep gradients exist perpendicular to a magnetic field. A derivation of the circumstances which permit this condition to exist is presented.
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The phenomenon of cross-field runaway electrons can occur in cases where large dc electric fields with steep gradients exist perpendicular to a magnetic field. A derivation of the circumstances which permit this condition to exist is presented.
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Runaway electrons in the ORMAK device
Nuclear Fusion, 1974Runaway electron currents of up to 140 kA with energies in the MeV-range and lasting for a tenth of a second have been observed in ORMAK. A theory which predicts the production and acceleration of these electrons is presented and compared with recent experimental results. Agreement between the two appears to be good.
D.A. Spong +3 more
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Relativistic limitations on runaway electrons
Nuclear Fusion, 1975The non-relativistic theory of a plasma in an electric field E predicts that there will always be runaway electrons, although their number will be exponentially small for fields less than the Dreicer field ED. However, when E/ED ~ kT/mec2, the ratio of the electron thermal energy to the rest mass energy, relativistic effects become important.
J.W. Connor, R.J. Hastie
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A recursive representation for runaway electrons
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 1982Among the analytic studies on runaway phenomena the most sophisticated approach to solving the Fokker-Planck equation is to divide the momentum space into five distinct regions with appropriate matching between them: various expansions of the distribution function are valid in different regions. A pair of recursive relations is established to solve the
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Runaway electrons in toroidal discharges
Nuclear Fusion, 1979Experimental and theoretical studies of runaway electrons in toroidal devices are reviewed here, with particular reference to tokamaks. The complex phenomenology of runaway effects, which have been the subject of research for the past twenty years, is organized within the framework of a number of physical models.
H. Knoepfel, D.A. Spong
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Runaway electrons in an impure plasma
The Physics of Fluids, 1976The electron runaway theories of Kruskal and Bernstein and Lebedev are extended to apply to multiply ionized, multiple species plasmas. The resulting expressions for electron runaway rates are compared with results obtained by Kulsrud, Sun, Winsor, and Fallon from numerical solutions of the Fokker–Planck equation.
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Runaway electron control in FTU
2014Experimental results on the control of the runaway electron (RE) horizontal position and the RE current ramp-down in FTU are presented. It is shown how the cold plasma, whose position can be detected by the scanning interferometer sensor, closely envelopes the RE beam.
D. Carnevale (1 +19 more
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