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The Soft Budget Constraint [PDF]
Kyklos, 1986 SUMMARYThe ‘softening’ of the budget constraint appears when the strict relationship between the expenditure and the earnings of an economic unit (firm, household, etc.) has been relaxed, because excess expenditure will be paid by some other institution, typically be the paternalistic State. The higher the subjective probability that excess expenditure
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Size and Soft Budget Constraints [PDF]
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2006 There is much evidence against the so-called "too big to fail" hypothesis in the case of bailouts to sub-national governments. We look at a model where districts of different size provide local public goods with positive spillovers. Matching grants of a central government can induce socially-efficient provision, but districts can still exploit the ...
Ernesto Crivelli, Klaas Staal
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Study on Reliability Constraint Algorithm in MIMO Signal Detection [PDF]
Jisuanji gongcheng, 2017 The paper proposes a low-complexity reliability constraint algorithm based on QR decomposition.The algorithm judges soft estimates by shadow area constraint method.Besides,constellation points are introduced as the candidate points,and the optimal ...
XIA Jingming,ZHUANG Yong,LI Peng,TAN Ling
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Fuzzy Hypersoft Expert Set with Application in Decision Making for the Best Selection of Product [PDF]
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, 2021 Numerous researchers have made a few models dependent on soft set, to tackle issues in decision making and clinical analysis, yet a large portion of these models manage one expert.
Muhammad Ihsan +2 more
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Soft Hands with Embodied Constraints: The Soft ScoopGripper [PDF]
2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2019 The design of robotic grippers requires the accomplishment of several contrasting requirements. Research in under actuated soft hands is a lively topic, with several potentialities and challenges. Soft hands are simple, robust and able of adapting to uncertain environment and operative conditions, however their intrinsic compliance and underactuation ...
Salvietti G. +4 more
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A COMPARISON OF SUB-PIXEL MAPPING METHODS FOR COASTAL AREAS [PDF]
ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2016 This paper presents the comparisons of three soft classification methods and three sub-pixel mapping methods for the classification of coastal areas at sub-pixel level.
Q. Liu, J. Trinder, I. Turner
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State capacity & the soft budget constraint: Fiscal federalism, Indian style
Asia and the Global Economy, 2023 In this paper, we explore the effects of India's federal structure on state-level fiscal responsibility. Drawing from a 1991–2018 dataset, we argue that higher levels of transfer and borrowing dependence (soft budget constraints) from the central ...
Praduymn K. Tripathi +1 more
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Design of soft multi-material pneumatic actuators based on principal strain field
Materials & Design, 2019 As a key component of soft robots, soft actuators are responsible for producing motion. There has been continuous research on searching for efficient and systematical design tools to accommodate various applications of soft actuators.
Longwei Ding +6 more
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Bailouts in federations : is a hard budget constraint always best? [PDF]
, 2008 This article analyses hard and soft budget constraints in a federation, where there is a moral hazard problem between the central and the regional governments. Regional governments can avoid a bailout from the center by exerting costly effort.
Besfamille , Martin, Lockwood, Ben
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A Compositional Framework for Preference-Aware Agents [PDF]
Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science, 2016 A formal description of a Cyber-Physical system should include a rigorous specification of the computational and physical components involved, as well as their interaction.
Tobias Kappé +2 more
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