Hypothesis testing and sample size considerations for the test-negative design [PDF]
BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2023 The test-negative design (TND) is an observational study design to evaluate vaccine effectiveness (VE) that enrolls individuals receiving diagnostic testing for a target disease as part of routine care.
Yanan Huo +4 more
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Covid-19 Vaccine Effectiveness and the Test-Negative Design. [PDF]
N Engl J Med, 2021 Observational studies are emerging as fundamental sources of information about vaccine effectiveness outside the controlled environment of randomized trials, and they are being used to generate evi...
Dean NE, Hogan JW, Schnitzer ME.
europepmc +5 more sources
Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in Ecuador: A test-negative design [PDF]
Vaccine: X, 2023 Background: The COVID-19 pandemic poses a significant global health threat, characterized by high morbidity, severity, and the emergence of concerning variants. Latin America has been greatly affected, with high infection and mortality rates. Vaccination
Francisco Pérez-Tasigchana +15 more
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Double Negative Control Inference in Test-Negative Design Studies of Vaccine Effectiveness. [PDF]
J Am Stat Assoc, 2023 78 pages, 4 figures, 5 ...
Li KQ, Shi X, Miao W, Tchetgen ET.
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Some reflections on the test-negative design
, 2022 We discuss some philosophical, methodological and practical problems concerning the use of the test-negative design for COVID-19 vaccines. These problems limit the use of this design considerably.
Meester R, Bonte J.
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Evaluation of enterovirus A71 vaccine effectiveness against pediatric hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus A71 virus in Tianjin, China, 2016–2023: A test-negative design case-control study [PDF]
Human Vaccines & ImmunotherapeuticsHand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a common acute viral disease that mainly affects children under 5 years and often occurs in outbreaks or clusters in China. Given the high disease burden of HFMD and the absence of
Lu Gao, Si Cheng, Lin Li
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Effectiveness of nirsevimab among infants in their first RSV season in the United States, October 2023–March 2024: a test-negative design analysisResearch in context [PDF]
The Lancet Regional Health. AmericasSummary: Background: In August 2023, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended nirsevimab, a long-acting monoclonal antibody, for all U.S. infants aged
Amanda B. Payne +37 more
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Risk factors of COVID-19 breakthrough infection: a case-control test-negative design study [PDF]
BMC Infectious DiseasesBackground We aimed to identify risk factors for breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection after at least one dose of any COVID-19 vaccine. Methods This is a case-control test-negative design study in hospitalized patients with a severe acute respiratory ...
Gabriela Tejada-Panduro +7 more
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Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness against Hospitalization, Season 2021/22: A Test-Negative Design Study in Barcelona [PDF]
Vaccines, 2023 Background: Vaccination is considered the most effective measure for preventing influenza and its complications. The influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) varies annually due to the evolution of influenza viruses and the update of vaccine composition ...
Mar Fornaguera +15 more
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The need for a clinical case definition in test-negative design studies estimating vaccine effectiveness [PDF]
npj Vaccines, 2023 Test negative studies have been used extensively for the estimation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE). Such studies are able to estimate VE against medically-attended illness under certain assumptions.
Sheena G. Sullivan +8 more
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