Results 301 to 310 of about 407,104 (336)

Semiconductors in Thermodynamic Equilibrium

1966
In general there are two types of semiconductors. Those in which electrons and holes are produced by thermal generation in pure germanium and silicon are called intrinsic semiconductors. In the other type the current carriers, holes or free electrons, are produced by the addition of small quantities of elements of Group III or V of the Periodic Table ...
K. G. Nichols, E. V. Vernon
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Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics

1994
After having devoted five chapters of this book to the discussion of equilibrium thermodynamics and conservative dynamic phenomena, it is now high time that we entered into the realm of irreversible transport processes. As mentioned in chapter 1, most of the physical systems which engineers wish to model exhibit dissipative phenomena.
Antony N. Beris, Brian J. Edwards
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Laws of Thermodynamic Equilibrium

2014
In the previous chapters we have reviewed the fundamental properties of the radiation field and those of atomic systems. Before we move on to a quantum description of the interaction between these systems, is it necessary to study, in all generality, their physical characteristics in the particular case of thermodynamic equilibrium.
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Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Life

2011
This chapter attempts to show that the thermodynamic laws are by no means just restricted to the study of thermal effects in man-made artefacts and heat engines. The growing evidence is that, provided they are applied with suitable caution, these laws can also explain, elegantly and succinctly, complex systems in the natural world.
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Approach to Thermodynamic Equilibrium

The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1961
The properties of a macroscopic classical system consisting of some 1020 molecules are determined by a probability density function W of the complete Γ space of moments and coordinates of all the molecules. This probability density function is that of the ensemble representing the totality of all experimental systems prepared according to the ...
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Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics

2011
Complex structures such as the cellular building blocks of living things are not at equilibrium in the traditional thermodynamic meaning of the term. They are stable only in the sense that they can continually feed off energy sources supplied by electromagnetic field, chemical, thermal and pressure gradients. Thermodynamically, life has to be viewed as
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Thermodynamics and Stability of Equilibrium

1984
The thermodynamical criteria recommended by GIBBS [1] for analyzing stability of equilibrium have been used for a great variety of physical problems, viewed in a variety of ways, making it hard to know what to say about them, in a brief discussion. After some reflection, I have decided to make this a commentary on the older viewpoints or, more properly,
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The Thermodynamic Equilibrium Limit

2013
In this chapter, we discuss the correspondence of the formalism developed thus far with known results from equilibrium thermal field theory.
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Band structure engineering and non-equilibrium dynamics in Floquet topological insulators

Nature Reviews Physics, 2020
Mark S Rudner, Netanel H Lindner
exaly  

Equilibrium mechanisms of self-limiting assembly

Reviews of Modern Physics, 2021
Michael F Hagan, Gregory M Grason
exaly