How to Design Trade Agreements in Services: Top Down or Bottom Up? [PDF]
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013 This article deals with claims, recently raised in various circles, that structural faults in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) have prevented WTO Members from advancing services liberalization under the Agreement. The GATS is generally associated in this context with a bottom-up (positive-list) scheduling approach where the sectors on ...
Rudolf Adlung, Hamid Mamdouh
semanticscholar +7 more sources
Top-down design of magnonic crystals from bottom-up magnetic nanoparticles through protein arrays [PDF]
Nanotechnology, 2017 We show that chemical fixation enables top-down micro-machining of large periodic 3D arrays of protein-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) without loss of order. We machined 3D micro-cubes containing a superlattice of NPs by means of focused ion beam etching, integrated an individual micro-cube to a thin-film coplanar waveguide and measured the ...
Mitsuhiro Okuda +9 more
semanticscholar +8 more sources
Integrating top–down and bottom–up approaches to design global change adaptation at the river basin scale [PDF]
Global Environmental Change, 2015 The high uncertainty associated with the effect of global change on water resource systems calls for a better combination of conventional top-down and bottom-up approaches, in order to design robust adaptation plans at the local scale. The methodological framework presented in this article introduces bottom-up meets top-down integrated approach to ...
Corentin Girard +4 more
semanticscholar +6 more sources
Developing a comprehensive and comparative questionnaire for measuring personality in chimpanzees using a simultaneous top‐down/bottom‐up design [PDF]
American Journal of Primatology, 2013 AbstractOne effective method for measuring personality in primates is to use personality trait ratings to distill the experience of people familiar with the individual animals. Previous rating instruments were created using either top‐down or bottom‐up approaches. Top‐down approaches, which essentially adapt instruments originally designed for use with
Hani D. Freeman +5 more
semanticscholar +5 more sources
Efficient coordination of top-down and bottom-up models for energy system design: An algorithmic approach [PDF]
Energy, 2023 To account for endogeneity effects in, e.g., energy demand, modern bottom-up energy system models are often linked to a top-down model describing the macroeconomic system. Solving such linked models involves iteratively passing solutions from one model to the other and vice versa until convergence is reached, which can be computationally demanding ...
Paolo Pisciella +2 more
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The engineering of TBBPA-degrading synthetic microbiomes with integrated strategies [PDF]
npj Biofilms and MicrobiomesThe capability to understand and construct synthetic microbiomes is crucial in biotechnological innovation and application. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is an emerging pollutant, and the understanding of its biodegradation is very limited.
Tong Wu +11 more
doaj +2 more sources
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches for the Design of Neuromorphic Processing Systems: Tradeoffs and Synergies Between Natural and Artificial Intelligence [PDF]
Proceedings of the IEEE, 2023 While Moore's law has driven exponential computing power expectations, its nearing end calls for new avenues for improving the overall system performance. One of these avenues is the exploration of alternative brain-inspired computing architectures that aim at achieving the flexibility and computational efficiency of biological neural processing ...
Charlotte Frenkel +2 more
openalex +6 more sources
Data-driven discovery of organic electronic materials enabled by hybrid top-down/bottom-up design
Advanced Materials, 2022 The high-throughput molecular exploration and screening of organic electronic materials often starts with either a 'top-down' mining of existing repositories, or the 'bottom-up' assembly of fragments based on predetermined rules and known synthetic templates.
J. Terence Blaskovits +3 more
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Should Dashboards be Designed from the Bottom up or top down? [PDF]
International Journal of Accounting Research, 2016 Payal Chadha
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Digital images and art historical knowledge: Connoisseurship today between “top-down design” and “bottom-up’ capabilities [PDF]
Journal of Art Historiography, 2021 It is yet unknown if, in the foreseeable future, thanks to rapid increases in artificial intelligence capabilities, databases will take over standard tasks of art historians, such as the stylistic classification of drawings into centuries and schools and
Thomas Ketelsen, Uwe Golle
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