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Turkism Movement in the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, characterized by significant ethnic and cultural diversity, saw a majority Muslim population with ethnic groups including Turks, Persians, Arabs, Circassians, and Kurds, under the leadership of the caliph. Non-Muslims, including Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, were recognized with their the caliphs endowed with significant authority ...openaire +1 more source
Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia
The Slavic and East European Journal, 1960Ivar Spector, Serge A. Zenkovsky
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Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia.
American Slavic and East European Review, 1961Firuz Kazemzadeh, Serge A. Zenkovsky
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