Results 221 to 230 of about 877,348 (312)

School Board Elections in England and Wales, 1870–1902: An Electoral Experiment?

open access: yesHistory, EarlyView.
Abstract The 1870 Elementary Education Act enabled the creation of school boards in England and Wales. Members were directly elected by the cumulative vote. This method gave each individual voter as many votes as there were seats on a school board, in some cases up to fifteen.
ED GREEN
wiley   +1 more source

Obligation, Exemption and Remission: The Multi‐Layered Functioning of the Poll Tax (Cizye) in Ottoman Governance during the Long Eighteenth Century

open access: yesHistory, EarlyView.
Abstract This article examines the poll tax (Ottoman Turkish cizye; Arabic jizya) levied on non‐Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire, not as a fixed, one‐dimensional tax item within the Ottoman fiscal system but as a multi‐layered administrative instrument organized around obligation, exemption and remission.
ÖZLEM BAŞARIR
wiley   +1 more source

GOVERNING THE CLOUD: Infrastructural Statecraft and the Political Ecology of Digital Expansion in Oregon

open access: yesInternational Journal of Urban and Regional Research, EarlyView.
Abstract Oregon's wave of data center and semiconductor projects shows how cloud capitalism reorganizes resource systems and territorial governance. Examining Amazon, Google, and Intel, the article traces how fiscal incentives, utility programs, and land‐use instruments are recalibrated to secure hyperscale loads.
Justin Kollar
wiley   +1 more source

REPRODUCING OPERATIONAL LANDSCAPES: The Rock Mining for Indonesia's New Capital City

open access: yesInternational Journal of Urban and Regional Research, EarlyView.
Abstract Indonesia's new capital city is designed to become a green and sustainable city. In this article, we examine the (un)sustainability of the process through which the city is coming into being. Using the sociospatial theory of planetary urbanization, we trace the dialectical relationship between the new city and sites beyond it to show how ...
Bosman Batubara   +4 more
wiley   +1 more source

300 Years of Degradation in Wales Estuaries and Coasts

open access: yesNatural Resources Forum, EarlyView.
ABSTRACT The world's oceans are in a severe state of degradation, yet our understanding of that degradation is often based on changes observed only in the past 20–50 years. This narrow view leads to marine conservation efforts that aim to preserve already degraded ecosystems, shaped by shifted ecological baselines.
Richard K. F. Unsworth   +3 more
wiley   +1 more source

Dilemmas of Civilian Participation in Military Deterrence and Defence: Legal and Ethical Dimensions

open access: yesGlobal Policy, EarlyView.
ABSTRACT How can civilians participate in deterrence and defence in ways that do not jeopardize their immunity from deliberate attack? The principle of civilian immunity from deliberate attack in war is a core element of contemporary international humanitarian law (IHL). Uniformed combatants and others who take up arms pose a threat may be liable to be
Neta C. Crawford
wiley   +1 more source

Genetic Susceptibility to Impaired Lung Function in Underground Coal Miners from Kazakhstan. [PDF]

open access: yesGenes (Basel)
Perfilyeva A   +10 more
europepmc   +1 more source

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