Skip to main content

Far-Infrared Sources

  • Conference paper
Far-Infrared Properties of Solids

Part of the book series: Optical Physics and Engineering ((OPEG))

  • 186 Accesses

  • 2 Citations

Abstract

Although the far-infrared region of the spectrum (3 cm−1 to 300 cm−1)can be considered today as instrumentally well developed it is still rather difficult to measure absorptivity or reflectivity with high resolution or high precision. This is mainly so because of the lack of powerful sources even though the techniques of spectrometry as well as the development of detectors has made considerable progress during the last 15 years.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

General References

  1. R.A. Smith, F.E. Jones, The Detection and Measurement of Infrared Radiation. Oxford 1957, At the Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  2. J.T. Haughton, S.D. Smith, Infrared Physics. Oxford 1966, At the Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  3. D.H. Martin, Spectroscopic Techniques for Far, Infrared. Submillimetre and Millimetre Waves. Amsterdam 1967, North-Holland Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  4. J.F. Moser, H. Steffen, F.K. Kneubühl, Submillimeterwellen-Technik. Helv. Phys. Acta 41, 607 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

Blackbody Radiation

  1. A. Rubens, F. Kurlbaum, Berl. Ber. p. 929 (1900).

    Google Scholar 

  2. A. Rubens, F. Kurlbaum, Ann. Physik 4, 649 (1901).

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. A. Rubens, Astrophys. J. 14, 355 (1901).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. H. Rubens, G. Michel, Berl. Ber. p. 590 (1921).

    Google Scholar 

  5. H. Rubens, G. Michel, Phys. Z. 22, 569 (1921).

    Google Scholar 

  6. H. Rubens, K. Hoffmann, Berl. Ber. p. 424 (1922).

    Google Scholar 

  7. C.H. Cartwright, Phys. Rev. 35, 415 (1930).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. M. Czerny, A. Walther, Tables for Planck’s Radiation Law, Springer (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  9. M. Pivovonsky, M.R. Nagel, Tables of Blackbody Radiation Functions, McMillan, New York (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  10. C.C. Ferriso, Blackbody Radiation Tables, General Dynamics, Report AE 62-0862 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  11. R. Papoulas, Infrared Physics 4, 137 (1964).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Mercury Arc Emission

  1. H. Rubens, O.Y. Baeyer, Berl. Ber. p. 539 (1911)f Berl. Ber. p. 666 (1911), PhilMag. 21, 689 (1911), Le Radium 8, 159 (1911), Berl. Ber. p. 802 (1913).

    Google Scholar 

  2. H. Rubens, Berl. Ber. p. 8 (1921).

    Google Scholar 

  3. G. Laski, Z. Physik 10, 553 (1922).

    Google Scholar 

  4. W. Kroebel, Z. Physik 56, 114 (1929).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. B. Koch, Ann. Physik 33, 355 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  6. W. Bahlke, Z. Physik 114, 205 (1959), Z. Physik 114, 672 (1939), Z. Physik 115, 1 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  7. H. Säufferer, Z. Physik 131, 376 (1952).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. G. Hettner, Z. Physik 131, 385 (1952), Z. Physik 211, 483 (1968).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. J. Bohdansky, Z. Physik 149, 383 (1957).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. E.K. Plyler, L.J.C. Yates, H.A. Gebbie, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 52, 859 (1962).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Hadni, E. Decamps, J. Monier, Rev. Opt. 42, 584 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  12. I. M. Arefyev, Opt. i. Spektr. 17, 300 (1964), Opt. i. Spektr. 17, 157 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  13. O.K. Fillippov, V.M. Pivovaro, Opt. i. Spektr. 16, 522 (1964), Opt. i. Spektr. 16, 282 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  14. P.A.H. Hart, Philips Res. Repts. 22, 77 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

Other Thermal Sources

  1. H. Rubens, Verh. Beut. Phys. Ges. 7, 346 (1905), Phys. Z. 6, 790 (1905), J. Phys. Theor. Appl. 4, 314 (1905), Ann. Physik 18, 725 (1905), Le Radium 2, 397 (1905), J. Phys. Theor. Appl. 5, 306 (1906), Phys. Z. 7, 186 (1906), Ann. Physik 20, 593 (1906), Verh. Deut. Phys. Ges. 8, 4I (1906), Verh. Ges. d. Faturf. Ärzte 2, 44 (1906), Berl. Ber. p. 8 (1921).

    Google Scholar 

  2. R.M. Badger, C.H. Cartwright, Phys. Rev. 33, 693 (1929).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. J. Strong, Phys. Rev. 45, 887 (1934).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. A.H. Pfund, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 26, 439 (1936).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. T. Erb, H. Klumb, Z. Physik 114, 519 (1939).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. L. Genzel, N. Neuroth, Z. Physik 134, 127 (1955).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. J.A. Ketelaar, G. Haas, F.N. Hooge, R. Brockhuijsen, Physica 21, 695 (1955).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. D.W. Robinson, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 49, 966 (1959).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. W. Boldt, H. Reimann, Ann. Physik 6, 293 (1960).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. G.N. Harding, M.F. Kimit, J.H. Ludlow, P. Portsous, A.C. Prior, Y. Roberts, Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. 77, 1069 (1961).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. G.N. Harding, V. Roberts, Int. Conf. Ioniz. Phen. in Gases 2, 1977 (1962).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. E.K. Plyler, D.J.C. Yates, H.A. Gebbie, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 52, 859 (1962).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Klystrons, Backward-Wave Oscillators

  1. B.B. van Iparen, Philips. techn. Rdsch. 21, 217 (1959/60).

    Google Scholar 

  2. G. Convert, T. Yeou, B. Pasty, Proc. Symp. Millimeter Waves (Brooklyn Polyt. Press, New York 1959). p. 313.

    Google Scholar 

  3. G. Convert, T. Yeou, P.C. Mouton, Congrès Int. Tubes Hyperfrèquences (La Haye, 1962).

    Google Scholar 

  4. P.N. Robson, Coherent Sources Using Electron Beams. Chapter 6 in Ref. 3 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

Harmonic Generation

  1. J.A. Klein, A.H. Nethercot jr., Phys. Rev. 91, 1018 (1953).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. W.C. King, W. Gordy, Phys. Rev. 93, 407 (1954).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. A.H. Nethercot jr., Trans IRE MTT-2, 17 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  4. C.M. Johnson, D.M. Slager, Rev. Sci. Instr. 25, 213 (1954).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. J.M. Richardson, R.B. Riley, NBS Rept. 3580 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  6. W. Gordy, M. Cowan, Phys. Rev. 104, 551 (1956)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. W. Gordy, Proc. Symp. on Millimeter-Waves (Polytechnic Press, Brooklyn, New York, 1960).

    Google Scholar 

  8. I. Kaufman, P.D. Coleman, J. Appl. Phys. 28, 956 (1957).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. C.H. Page, Proc. IRE 46, 1738 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  10. W.P. Ayres, IRE Trans. MTT-7, 62 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  11. L. Genzel, H. Happ, R. Weber, Z. Physik 154, 1 (1959).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. U.S. Ohl, P.P. Budenstein, C.A. Burrus, Rev. Sci. Inst. 30, 765 (1959).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. K.D. Proome, Nature 184, 808 (1959), Nature 186, 959 (1960). Nature 188, 45 (1960). Nature 193, 1169 (1961).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. G.B. Swan, Proc. Inst. Radio Eugrs. 49, 1941 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  15. R.L. Jepsen, J. Appl. Phys. 32, 2627 (1961).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. D.B. Bouthett, J. Appl. Phys. 32, 3132 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  17. J.R. Fontana, Adv. in Quantum Electronics. J.R. Singer, Editor, Columbia Univ. Press 1961, p. 612.

    Google Scholar 

  18. A.H. Nethercot jr., Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 226 (1961).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. W.C. Eppers, J. Appl. Phys. 33, 1608 (1962).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. B.J. Knight, B. Walsh, 4 th Int. Congress on Microwave Tubes Scheveningen, Holland, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  21. J.H. Krenz, G.S. Kino, Stanford Univ., Calif., Microwave Lab. Rept. N 948, Sept. 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  22. I. Bady, IRE Trans. MTT-10, 55 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  23. M. Di Domenico jr. et. al., J. Appl. Phys. 33, 1967 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  24. J.R. Baird, P.B. Coleman, IEEE Trans. MTT-11, 312 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  25. R.H. Bradsel, Rev. Sci. Instr. 40, 225 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  26. P.B. Coleman, IEEE Trans. MTT-11, 271 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  27. R. Ulrich, K.P. Renk, L. Genzel, IEEE Trans. MTT-11, 363 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  28. M.R. Brown, Nature 200, 1270 (1963).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. G. Jones, W. Gordy, Phys. Rev. 135 A, 295 (1964), Phys. Hev. 136 A, 1299 (1964).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. C.A. Burrus jr., Proc. IEEE 53, 1256 (1965), Proc. IEEE 54, 575 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  31. P.H. Knapp, D.H. Martin, Proc. IEEE 54, 528 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  32. T. Gaddess, H. Temple, P. Barnes, Proc. IEEE 54, 672 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  33. R.J. Bauer, M. Cohn, J.M. Cotton, R.P. Packard, Proc. IEEE 54, 595 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  34. R.M. Hornreich, S. Shtrikman, IEEE Trans. MAG-2, 292 (1966).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. V. Sells, P.C. Choo, E. Brannen, A.R. Froelich, Proc. IEEE 54, 552 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  36. J.G. Baker, Harmonic Generators and Semiconductor Detectors, Chapter 5 in Ref. 3 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

Quantum Oscillators

  1. P.S. Barnes, Quantum Electronics. C.H. Townes, Editor, (Columbia Univ. Press, New York 1960) p. 57.

    Google Scholar 

  2. D.C. Blaine, Nature 191, 795 (1961).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. W.E. Hughes, Proc. IRE 50, 1691 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  4. N. Bloembergen, J. Ducuing, Phys. Lett. 6, 5 (1963).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. J.B. Gunn, IBM J. Res. Dev. 8, 141 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  6. P. Grivet, N. Bloembergen, Quantum Electronics. Proc. third Int. Congress, Paris (Columbia Univ. Press, New York 1964), Chapt. III.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. C.K.N. Patel, W.L. Paust, R.A. McFarlane, C.G.B. Garrett, Appl. Phys. Lett. 4, 18 (1964).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. R.A. McParlane, W.L. Faust, C.K.N. Patel, C.G.B. Garett, Proc. IEEE 52, No 3 (1964) f Phys. Rev. 133, A 1476 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  9. A. Crocker, H.A. Gebbie, M.P. Kimmit, L.E.S. Mathias, Nature 201, 250 (1964).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. H.A. Gebbie, P.D. Findlay, I.W.B. Stone, J.A. Eobb, Nature 202, 169 (1964).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. H.A. Gebbie, N.W.B. Stone, F.D. Findlay, Nature 202, 685 (1964).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. L.L.S. Mathias, A. Crocker, Phys. Lett. 13, 35 (1964).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. L.E.S. Mathias, A. Crocker, M.S. Wills, Electr. Lett. 1, 45 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  14. F.K. Kneubühl, J.F. Moser, H. Steffen, W. Tandler, Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 16, 560 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  15. M. Camani, F.K. Kneubühl, J.F. Moser, H. Steffen, Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 16, 562 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  16. G.W. Chantry, H.A. Gebbie, J.E. Chamberlain, Nature 205, 577 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  17. H.P. Broida, K.M. Evensen, T.T. Kikuchi, J. Appl. Phys. 16, 3555 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  18. H. Steffen, J. Steffen, J.F. Moser, F.K. Kneubühl, Phys. Lett. 21, 425 (1966), Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 17, 470 (1966), H. Steffen, F.K. Kneubühl, To be publ. in IEEE Trans. QE.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. G.T. Flesher, W.M. Maller, Proc. IEEE 54, 543 (1966), W.M. Muller, G.T. Flesher, Appl. Phys. Lett. 8, 217 (1966). Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 93 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  20. D.P. Akitt, W.Q. Jeffers, P.D. Coleman, Proc. IEEE 54, 547 (1966), W.Q. Jeffers, P.D. Coleman, Proc. IEEE 55, 1222 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  21. W. Prettl, L. Genzel, Phys. Lett. 23, 443 (1966).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. A.H. Dayem, C.C. Grimes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 47 (1966).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. D.N. Langenberg, D.J. Scalapino, B.N. Taylor, Proc. IEEE 54, 560 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  24. H. Steffen, J.F. Moser, F.K. Kneubühl, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 3410 (1967).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. P. Schwaller, H. Steffen, F.K. Kneubühl, Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 18, 594 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  26. P. Schwaller, H. Steffen, Phys. Lett. 23, 313 (1966), J.F. Moser, F.K. Kneubühl, Appl. Opt. 6, 827 (1967).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. F.K. Kneubühl, H. Steffen, Phys. Lett. 25A, 639 (1967).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. H. Steffen, B. Keller, F.K. Kneubühl, Electron. Lett. 3, 562 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  29. M.A. Pollack, T.J. Bridges, W.J. Tomlinson, Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 253 (1967).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. L. Frenkel, T. Sullivan, M.A. Pollack, T.J. Bridges, Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 344 (1967).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. L.O. Hocker, A. Javan, Phys. Lett. 25A, 489 (1967), L.O. Hocker, D. Ramachandra, A. Javan, Phys. Lett. 24A, 690 (1967).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. D.R. Lide, A.G. Maki, Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 62 (1967).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. P. Zernike, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 12, 687 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  34. A.G. Maki, Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 122 (1968).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. L.O. Hocker, A. Javan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 124 (1968).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. B. Hartmann, B. Kleeman, Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 168 (1968).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. W.S. Benedict, Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 170 (1968).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. M.A. Pollack, W.J. Tomlinson, Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 173 (1968).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. M.A. Pollack, L. Frenkel, T. Sullivan, Phys. Lett. 26A, 381 (1968).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. T. Yajima, K. Inoue, IEEE J. Quantum Electronics, QE-4 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  41. T.Y. Chang, N. Van Tran, G.K.N. Patel, Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 357 (1968).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. N. Van Tran, C.K.H. Patel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 463 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

High — Energy Electron Sources

  1. S.J. Smith, E.M. Purcel, Phys. Rev. 92, 1069 (1953).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. J.A. Bradshaw, Proc. Symp. Millimeter Waves (Polytechnic Press, New York 1960), p. 223.

    Google Scholar 

  3. P.D. Coleman, G. Inderby, J. Appl. Phys. 31, 1699 (1960).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. K. Ishiguro, T. Toko, Optica Acta 8, 25 (1961).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. P.D. Coleman, Microwaves. Proc. 4 th. Int. Congress on Microwave Tubes (Eindhoven, Holland, Cetrex Publ. Co., Sept. 1962), p. 379.

    Google Scholar 

  6. F.J. Eosenbaum, P.D. Coleman, IEEE Trans. MTT-11, 3026 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  7. P.D. Coleman, Proc. Symp. Quasi Optics (Polytechnic Press of the Polytechnical Inst, at Brooklyn, New York 1964) p. 199.

    Google Scholar 

  8. R. Ulrich, Diss. Univ. Freiburg i. Br. (1965) Z. Physik 194, 180 (1966), Z. Physik 199, 171 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  9. F.S. Rusin, G.D. Bogomolov, JETP Lett. 4, 160 (1966).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. H. Motz, J. Appl. Phys. 22 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  11. H. Motz, K.B. Mallory, J. Appl. Phys. 26, 1384 (1955).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. P.D. Coleman, M.D. Sirkis, J. Appl. Phys. 26, 1385 (1955).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. M.D. Sirkis, P.D. Coleman, J. Appl. Phys. 28, 944 (1957).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. P.D. Coleman, J. Appl. Phys. 28, 927 (1957).

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. I. Kaufman, P.D. Coleman, J. Appl. Phys. 28, 956 (1957).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. H.H. Pantell, P.D. Coleman, R.C. Becker, IRE Trans. ED-5, 167 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  17. G.E. Weibel, Symp. on Electronic Waveguides (New York 1958) p. 598.

    Google Scholar 

  18. H.O. Dressel, S.M. Stone, G.E. Weibel, 4 th Int. Congress on Microwave Tubes, Scheveningen, Holland, Sept. 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  19. B, Lax, D.T, Stevenson, Proc. Far Infrared Phys. Symp., Riverside, Calif., 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  20. I.B. Bott, Phys. Lett. 14, 293 (1965). Miscalleneous Sources (Spark-Qenerator, Mass-Eadiator)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. A. Glagolewa-Arkadiewe, Z. Physik 24, 153 (1924). Natur. 113, 640 (1924).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. M. Lewitzki, Phys. Z. 25, 107 (1924).

    Google Scholar 

  23. B.F. Nichols, J.D. Tear, Astrophys. J. 61, 17 (1925).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. A. Kalugina, J. Exp. Theo. Phys. USSR 9, 362 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  25. W. Eckhardt, Z. Physik 160, 121 (1960).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1970 Plenum Press, New York

About this paper

Cite this paper

Genzel, L. (1970). Far-Infrared Sources. In: Far-Infrared Properties of Solids. Optical Physics and Engineering. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1863-7_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1863-7_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1865-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1863-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics