Abstract
When two solid surfaces are placed together, contact generally occurs only over isolated parts of the nominal contact area (Bhushana in J Vacuum Sci Technol 21(6):2262–2296, 2003). It is through these localised regions of contact that forces are exerted between the two bodies , and it is these forces which are responsible for friction. This means that friction is the resistance to motion that occurs whenever one solid body slides over another
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bartenev, G. M., & El’kin, A. I. (1965). Friction properties of high elastic materials. Wear, 8(1), 8–21.
Bhushana, B. (2003). Adhesion and stiction: Mechanisms, measurement techniques, and methods for reduction. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology, 21(6), 2262–2296.
Bowden, F. P., & Tabor, D. (1950). The friction and lubrication of solids. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Briscoe, B. J. (1981). Wear of polymers: An essay on fundamental aspects. Tribology International, 14(4), 231–243.
Burwell, J. T. (1957). Survey of possible wear mechanisms. Wear, 1(2), 119–141.
Collins, J. A., & Daniewicz, S. R. (2006). Failure modes: Performance and service requirements for metals. In M. Kutz (Ed.), Mechanical engineers’ handbook: Materials and mechanical design (Vol. 1, 3rd Ed., Chapter 26, pp. 860–923). New York: Wiley.
Czichos, H. (1974). Failure criteria in thin film lubrication: The concept of a failure surface. Tribology, 7(1), 14–20.
Czichos, H. (1982). Friction and wear of materials, components and constructions. Grafenau: Expert-Verlag (in German).
Czichos, H. (1986). Introduction to friction and wear. In K. Friedrich (Ed.), Friction and wear of polymer composites. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
Dowson, D. (1998). History of tribology (2nd Ed.). Professional Engineering Publishing (Distributed by ASTM).
Greenwood, J. A., & Williamson, J. B. P. (1966). Contact of nominally flat rough surfaces. Proceedings of Royal Society, London, A295(1442), 300–319.
Habig, K. H. (1980). Wear and hardness of materials. Munich: Hanser Verlag (in German).
Hutchings, I. M. (1992). Tribology—Friction and wear of engineering materials. Metallurgy and Materials Science Series. London: Edward Arnold.
James, D. I. (1980). A broader look at pedestrian friction. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 53(3), 512–541.
Kim, I. J. (1996a). Tribological concepts for the investigation of the pedestrian slipping and falling accidents—Part I. International Occupational Injury Symposium (p. 101), February, Sydney, Australia.
Kim, I. J. (1996b). Tribological approach for the analysis of pedestrian slip hazard—II. Proceedings of the ’96 Spring Conference of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers (pp. 279–285), April, Seoul, Korea.
Kim, I. J. (1996c). Microscopic investigation to analyze the slip resistance of shoes. Proceedings of the 4th Pan Pacific Conference on Occupational Ergonomics (pp. 68–73), November, Taiwan, ROC.
Kim, I. J. (1996d). Microscopic observation of shoe heels for pedestrian slip hazard investigation. Proceedings of the 1st Annual International Conference on Industrial Application and Practice (pp. 243–250), December, Texas, U.S.A.
Kim, I. J. (2004a). Development of a new analyzing model for quantifying pedestrian slip resistance characteristics: Part I—Basic concepts and theories. Industrial Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 33(5), 395–401.
Kim, I. J. (2004b). Development of a new analyzing model for quantifying pedestrian slip resistance characteristics: Part II—Experiments and validations. Industrial Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 33(5), 403–414.
Kim, I. J. (2006a). The current hiatus in fall safety measures. In W. Karwowski (Ed.), International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors-2005 (pp. 2572–2576). New York, USA: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Kim, I. J. (2006b). A new paradigm for characterizing slip resistance properties. In W. Karwowski (Ed.), International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors-2005 (pp. 2735–2740). New York, USA: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Kim, I. J. (2015a). Practical design search for optimal floor surface finishes to prevent fall incidents. In B. Evans (Ed.), Accidental Falls: Risk Factors, Prevention Strategies and Long-Term Outcomes (Chapter 5, pp. 80–103). Hauppauge, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Kim, I. J. (2015b). Slip-resistance measurements for assessing pedestrian falls: Facts and fallacies. In B. Evans (Ed.), Accidental Falls: Risk Factors, Prevention Strategies and Long-Term Outcomes (Chapter 6, pp. 105–125). Hauppauge, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Kim, I. J. (2015c). Wear observation of shoe surfaces: Application for slip and fall safety assessments. Tribology Transactions, 58(3), 407–417.
Kim, I. J. (2015d). Research challenges on slip-resistance measurements for assessing pedestrian fall incidents. Journal of Ergonomics, 5(3). doi:10.4172/2165-7556.1000e142
Kim, I. J. (2016a). A study on wear development of floor surfaces: Impact on pedestrian walkway slip-resistance performance. Tribology International, 95, 316–323.
Kim, I. J. (2016b). Identifying shoe wear mechanisms and associated tribological characteristics: The importance for slip resistance evaluation. Wear, 360–361, 77–86.
Kim, I. J., Hsiao, H., & Simeonov, P. (2013). Functional levels of floor surface roughness for the prevention of slips and falls: Clean-and-dry and soapsuds-covered wet surfaces. Applied Ergonomics, 44(1), 58–64.
Kim, I. J., & Nagata, H. (2008a). Nature of the shoe wear: Its uniqueness, complexity and effects on slip resistance properties. In Contemporary ergonomics 2008 (Vol. 15, pp. 728–734). London: Taylor & Francis.
Kim, I. J., & Nagata, H. (2008b). Research on slip resistance measurements—A new challenge. Industry Health, 46(1), 66–76.
Kim, I. J., & Smith, R. (1998a). A study of the comparative geometry mating between the surfaces of the shoe and floor in pedestrian slip resistance measurements. The 5th Pan-Pacific Conference on Occupational Ergonomics (pp. 34–37), July, Kitakyushu, Japan.
Kim, I. J., & Smith, R. (1998b). Tribological characterization of the frictional force component in pedestrian slip resistance measurements. Third World Congress of Biomechanics (WCB ’98), August, Hokkaido, Japan.
Kim, I. J., & Smith, R. (1999). The relationship between wear, surface topography characteristics and coefficient of friction as a means of assessing the slip hazards. 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Systems (APIEMS’99) (pp. 155–161), October, Ashikaga, Japan.
Kim, I. J., & Smith, R. (2000). Observation of the floor surface topography changes in pedestrian slip resistance measurements. Industrial Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 26(6), 581–601.
Kim, I. J., & Smith, R. (2001a). A critical analysis on the friction measuring concept for slip resistance evaluation. ASTM Symposium on the Metrology of Pedestrian Locomotion and Slip Resistance (pp. 1–14), June, ASTM Headquarters, West Conshodocken, Pennsylvania, USA.
Kim, I. J., & Smith, R. (2001b). A study for characterising topography changes of shoe surfaces in the early stage of slip resistance measurements—Bearing Area Curve. 6th Pan-Pacific Conference on Occupational Ergonomics (pp. 299–303), August, Beijing, P. R. China.
Kim, I. J., & Smith, R. (2001c). Three-dimensional analysis of floor surface wear during slip resistance measurements. 6th Pan-Pacific Conference on Occupational Ergonomics (pp. 304–308), August, Beijing, P. R. China.
Kim, I. J., & Smith, R. (2003). A critical analysis of the relationship between shoe-floor wear and pedestrian/walkway slip resistance. In M. I. Marpet & M. A. Sapienza (Eds.), Metrology of pedestrian locomotion and slip resistance. Philadelphia, USA: American Society of Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 1424, ASTM International.
Kim, I. J., Smith, R., & Nagata, H. (2001). Microscopic observations of the progressive wear on the shoe surfaces which affect the slip resistance characteristics. Industrial Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 28(1), 17–29.
Kummer H. W., & Meyer, W. E. (1962). Measurement of skid resistance. Symposium on Skid Resistance (pp. 3–28). ASTM Special Technical Publication, No. 326.
Moore, D. F. (1972). The friction and lubrication of elastomers. International Series of Monographs on Materials Science and Technology (Vol. 9). Headington Hill Hall, Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
Moore, D. F. (1975). Principles and applications of tribology. Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies, Exeter, UK.
OECD. (1968). Friction, lubrication and wear—Terms and definitions. Paris: Research Group on the Wear of Engineering Materials.
Rigney, D. A. (1980). Fundamentals of friction and wear of materials. ASM Materials Science Seminar, 4–5 October 1980, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Seminar Committee of the Materials Science Division of the American Society for Metals, in cooperation with the Metallurgical Society of AIME, USA.
Roberts, A. D. (1976). Theories of dry rubber friction. Tribology International, 9(2), 75–81.
Schallamach, A. (1953). The velocity and temperature dependence of rubber friction. Proceedings of the Physical Society, Section B, 66(5), 386–392.
Schallamach, A. (1963). A theory of dynamic rubber friction. Wear, 6(5), 375–382.
Suh, N. P. (1982). Surface interactions. In P. B. Senholzi (Ed.), Tribological technology (Vol. 1, pp. 37–208). Den Haag-Boston-London: Martinus Nijhoff.
Suh, N. P., & Sin, H. C. (1981). The genesis of friction. Wear, 69(1), 91–114.
Tabor, D. (1979). Proceedings of international conference on wear materials (p. 1). New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Tanaka, K. (1995). Some interesting problems that remain unsolved in my work on polymer tribology. Tribology International, 28(1), 19–22.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kim, IJ. (2017). Friction and Wear Mechanisms. In: Pedestrian Fall Safety Assessments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56242-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56242-1_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56241-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56242-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)