Definition
Protein kinases play an important role in many cellular functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, or metabolic changes. They function by regulating protein phosphorylation. In so doing, phosphorylated proteins now have an altered conformation and thus an altered activity and localization, or association with other proteins.
Characteristics
There are more than 500 protein kinases representing about 2% of all genes encoded by the human genome (Manning et al. 2002). Protein kinases phosphorylate approximately 30% of cellular proteins, and there are as many as 500,000 phosphorylation sites in most of the 23,000 proteins in the human genome. Protein kinases are also found in bacteria as well as in plants and yeasts.
Chemical Activity
Protein kinases catalyze the transfer of phosphate from ATP to a free hydroxyl group on a substrate. All kinases have an ATP-binding site (GXGXXG).
Classification
Kinases show specificity for serine/threonine or tyrosine...
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References
Hank SK, Quinn AM, Hunter T (1988) The protein kinase family: conserved features and deduced phylogeny of the catalytic domains. Science 241:42–52
Johnson SA, Hunter T (2005) Kinomics: methods for deciphering the kinome. Nat Methods 2:17–25
Manning G, Whyte DB, Martinez R, Hunter T, Sudrasanam S (2002) The protein kinase complement of the human genome. Science 298:1912–1934
Noble ME, Endicott JA, Johnson LN (2004) Protein kinase inhibitors: insights into drug design from structure. Science 303:1800–1805
Pawson T (1995) Protein modules and signaling networks. Nature 373:573–580
Rauch J, Volinsky N, Romano D, Kolch W (2011) The secret life of kinases: functions beyond catalysis. Cell Commun Signal 9:23
See Also
(2012) Hydroxyl Group. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of Cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 1779. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_2893
(2012) Serine/Threonine Kinase. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of Cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 3384. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_5258
(2012) Tyrosine. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of Cancer, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, p 3822. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_6078
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Wong, A. (2016). Protein Kinases. In: Schwab, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Cancer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46875-3_6621
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46875-3_6621
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