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Contemporary Constitutionalism to Understand Global Constitutionalism

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Global Constitutionalism

Part of the book series: Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht ((BEITRÄGE,volume 275))

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Abstract

Finally in this chapter, viability of the global constitutionalism discourse will be examined with regard to its capability to reflect contemporary constitutionalism. As discussed in the previous chapter, contemporary constitution has narrower and broader meanings, which are required to reflect its complexity. We employed Grimm’s criterion of “Achieved Constitutions” to explain its narrower meaning, and cultural paradigm for the broader meaning. The former is fairly normativist, while the latter has at all times problems in drawing the contours of the research problem.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Dieter Grimm, “Types of Constitutions,” in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 104.

  2. 2.

    Talcott Parsons, Politics and Social Structure (New York: Free Press, 1969), 339.

  3. 3.

    Dieter Grimm, “Integration by Constitution,” International Journal of Constitutional Law 3 (2005): 194.

  4. 4.

    Ibid., 199.

  5. 5.

    Ibid., 200.

  6. 6.

    Christine E.J. Schwöbel, Global Constitutionalism in International Legal Perspective (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2011), 95.

  7. 7.

    Andreas Fischer-Lescano and Gunther Teubner, “Regime-collisions: The Vain Search for Legal Unity in the Fragmentation of Global Law,” Michigan Journal of International Law 25, no. 4 (2004): 999-1046.

  8. 8.

    Schwöbel, Global Constitutionalism, 107.

  9. 9.

    A prominent example is the Turkish Constitution of 1982, in which Turkish ethnonationalism is strictly preserved by “irrevocable provisions.” The amendment of this constitution by recognizing different languages spoken and ethnic cultures living in this country is viewed as the keypoint in resolving the Kurdish issue. Dogu Ergil, “The Kurdish Question in Turkey,” Journal of Democracy 11, no. 3 (2000): 122-135. In a similar vein, the current German constitution leads to some difficulties in terms of citizenship and other rights for the foreigner labour force of the country by reason of the ethnonationalist emphasis in the citizenship law. Michael J. Baun, “The Federal Republic of Germany,” in Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Approach, ed. Daniel P. Franklin and Michael Baun (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 93.

  10. 10.

    Martti Koskenniemmi, “The Fate of Public International Law: Between Technique and Politics,” The Modern Law Review 70, no.1 (2007): 19.

  11. 11.

    Anne Peters, “Compensatory Constitutionalism: The Fundamental Function and Potential of Fundamental International Norms and Structures,” Leiden Journal of International Law 19 (2006): 579-610.

  12. 12.

    Charles H. Koch Jr., “Envisioning a Global Legal Culture,” Michigan Journal of International Law 25 (2003): 60.

  13. 13.

    Ibid. 60.

  14. 14.

    Schwöbel, Global Constitutionalism, 110.

  15. 15.

    See above, Chapter 2, Section 2.1.2.5. This was also the ground of a major critique of Nico Krisch towards the idea of global constitutionalism. Nico Krisch, Beyond Constitutionalism: The Pluralist Structure of Postnational Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 67.

  16. 16.

    Christopher J. A. Thornhill, A Sociology of Constitutions: Constitutions and State Legitimacy in Historical-sociological Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).

  17. 17.

    Saskia Sassen, “Neither Global Nor National: Novel Assemblages of Territory, Authority and Rights,” in Laws and Societies in Global Contexts: Contemporary Approaches, ed. Eve Darian-Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 31-32.

  18. 18.

    Saskia Sassen, Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages, Updated Edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 32.

  19. 19.

    Ibid., 33.

  20. 20.

    Sassen, “Neither Global Nor National,” 31-32.

  21. 21.

    Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson, ed., Culture, Power, Place: Ethnography at the End of an Era, in Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology (Durham, Duke University Pres, 1997), 179, 196, cited by Paul Schiff Berman, “From International Law to Law and Globalization” (University of Connecticut School of Law Articles and Working Papers, Paper 23, 2005, http://lsr.nellco.org/uconn_wps/23), 516, last visit 11.07.2013.

  22. 22.

    Ibid., 518. Emphasis belongs to original text.

  23. 23.

    Anthony D. Smith, “Towards A Global Culture?,” in Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, A Theory, Culture & Society, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage Publications, 1990), 171-192. Roy Boyne, “Culture and the World-System,” in Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, A Theory, Culture & Society, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage Publications, 1990), 57-62. Immanuel Wallerstein, “Culture as the Ideological Battleground of the Modern World-System,” in Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, A Theory, Culture & Society, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage Publications, 1990), 63-66.

  24. 24.

    John Ferejohn, Jack N. Rakove and Jonathan Riley, “Editor’s Introduction,” in Constitutional Culture and Democratic Rule ed. John Ferejohn, Jack N. Rakove and Jonathan Riley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 13.

  25. 25.

    Ferejohn et al., “Editor’s Introduction,” 10.

  26. 26.

    Sally Engle Merry, “What is Legal Culture? An Anthropological Perspective,” Journal of Comparative Law 5 (2010): 43-44.

  27. 27.

    Ibid., 44.

  28. 28.

    Ibid., 43.

  29. 29.

    Ibid., 48.

  30. 30.

    Koch, “Global Legal Culture,” 17.

  31. 31.

    Anne-Marie Slaughter, A New World Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 102.

  32. 32.

    Ibid., 65.

  33. 33.

    Ibid., 66.

  34. 34.

    Ibid., 67.

  35. 35.

    Mark Tushnet, “The Inevitable Globalization of Constitutional Law,” Virginia Journal of International Law 49 (2008-2009): 986.

  36. 36.

    Slaughter, A New World Order, 76.

  37. 37.

    Sujit Choudry, “Globalization in Search of Justification: Toward a Theory of Comparative Constitutional

    Interpretation,” Indiana Law Journal 74 (1999): 820. Also the Australian legal system can be mentioned in this context. Tushnet, “Inevitable Globalization,” 986.

  38. 38.

    Merry, “What is Legal Culture?,” 48.

  39. 39.

    Kirsten Campbell, “The Making of Global Legal Culture and International Criminal Law,” Leiden Journal of International Law 26 (2013): 158.

  40. 40.

    Ibid., 158.

  41. 41.

    Ibid., 160.

  42. 42.

    Ibid., 161.

  43. 43.

    Jake Hirsh-Allen, “Bashir’s Immunity: Arguments in Support of the Prosecution of an Incumbent Head of a Non-State Party by The International Criminal Court,” 2008, http://jake.contemporaryfuture.com/docs/transystemicLaw/BashirsImmunity.pdf), last visit 12.09.2011.

  44. 44.

    M. Cherif Bassiouni, Introduction to International Criminal Law (New York: Transnational Publishers, 2003), cited by Ibid.

  45. 45.

    Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, https://www.icc-cpi.int/nr/rdonlyres/ea9aeff7-5752-4f84-be94 0a655eb30e16/0/rome_statute_english.pdf., last visit 11.09.2011..

  46. 46.

    Statute of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, http://www.icty.org/x/file/Legal%20Library/Statute/statute_sept09_en.pdf, last visit 11.09.2011.

  47. 47.

    Hirsh-Allen, “Bashir’s Immunity.”

  48. 48.

    Campbell, “Making of Global Legal Culture,” 165.

  49. 49.

    Ibid., 168.

  50. 50.

    The Case of the S.S. Lotus, (France v. Turkey), PCIJ, Series A, No. 10 (1927), para. 18, cited by Bardo Fassbender, “Sovereignty and Constitutionalism in International Law,” in Sovereignty in Transition: Essays in European Law, ed. Neil Walker (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2006), 117.

  51. 51.

    Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, (Belgium v. Spain), ICJ 3, 32 (05.02.1970), http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&case=50&p3=4, last visit, 25.09.2013. Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie” (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 14 April 1992. (14.03.1992), http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=460&code=lus&p1=3&p2=3&case=89&k=82&p3=5, last visit 19.09.2013.

  52. 52.

    Loizidou v. Turkey, Judgment (Preliminary Objection), 15318/89 (23.03.1995), para. 75, http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-57920, last visit 01.11.2013. Bosphorus Hava Yolları Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi v. Ireland, Judgment (Merits), Grand Chamber, 45036/98 (30.06.2005), http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-69564, last visit 29.10.2013.

  53. 53.

    Al-Dulimi and Montana Management Inc. v. Switzerland, 5809/08, Concurring Opinion Of Judge Pinto De Albuquerque, Joined By Judges Hajiyev, Pejchal and Dedov (21.06.2016), para. 8, http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-164515, last visit 12.03.2017.

  54. 54.

    Ibid., para. 71.

  55. 55.

    Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic a/k/a “Dule,” ICTY IT-94-1-AR7, 22.10.1995, para. 28, http://www.icty.org/x/cases/tadic/acdec/en/51002.htm, last visit, 20.03.2012.

  56. 56.

    Merry, “What is Legal Culture?,” 44.

  57. 57.

    Ibid., 44.

  58. 58.

    Ibid., 50-51.

  59. 59.

    Koch, “Global Legal Culture,” 47.

  60. 60.

    Ibid., 48.

  61. 61.

    Russel Menyhart, “Changing Identities and Changing Law: Possibilities for a Global Legal Culture,” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 10 (2003): 188.

  62. 62.

    Reza Banakar, “Who Needs the Classics? - On the Relevance of Classical Legal Sociology for the Study of Current Social and Legal Problems,” 2012, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2140775, 26, last visit 03.04.2014.

  63. 63.

    Ibid., 26.

  64. 64.

    Ibid.

  65. 65.

    Ibid., 27.

  66. 66.

    Ibid., 28. Some scholars argue that guanxi is now viewed as secondary to the market imperatives of price and quality by many market actors, yet this does not mean that guanxi lost its significance in Chinese business culture. Douglas Guthrie, “The Declining Significance of Guanxi in China's Economic Transition,” The China Quarterly 154 (1998): 254-282.

  67. 67.

    Teemu Ruskola, “Legal Orientalism,” in Laws and Societies in Global Contexts: Contemporary Approaches, ed. Eve Darian-Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 75.

  68. 68.

    Francis Snyder, “The Unfinished Constitution of the European Union: Principles, Process and Culture,” in European Constitutionalism Beyond the State, ed. J.H.H. Weiler and Marlene Wind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 67.

  69. 69.

    Ibid., 69.

  70. 70.

    Ibid., 69-70.

  71. 71.

    Jan Klabbers, International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 114.

  72. 72.

    Handyside v. United Kingdom, 5493/72, Judgment, 07.12.1976, para. 11, 20-23, http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-57499#{"itemid":["001-57499"]}.

  73. 73.

    Klabbers, International Law, 115.

  74. 74.

    Solange I: Judgment of the Court of 17.12.1970, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v. Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel. - Reference for a preliminary ruling: Verwaltungsgericht Frankfurt am Main - Germany. - Case 11-70, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61970CJ0011; Solange II: Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 12 April 1984. - Wünsche Handelsgesellschaft GmbH & Co. v Federal Republic of Germany Case 345/82. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1451330857112&uri=CELEX:61982CJ0345. Solange III (or Maastricht case): Decision from 12.12.1993, 2 BvR L 134/92 and 2159/92, WW(1993) 3047, cited by Joachim Wieland, “Germany in the European Union - The Maastricht Decision of the Bundesverfassungsgericht,” European Journal of International Law 5 (1994): 259.

  75. 75.

    Solange I case.

  76. 76.

    Koch, “Global Legal Culture,” 15.

  77. 77.

    Christopher C. Joyner and John C. Dettling, “Bridging the Cultural Chasm: Cultural Relativism and The Future of International Law,” California Western International Law Journal 20 (1989-1990): 303.

  78. 78.

    Ibid., 307.

  79. 79.

    Statute of the International Court of Justice, http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/?p1=4&p2=2, last visit 21.09.2014.

  80. 80.

    The Prosecutor v. Stanisic and Zupljanin, IT-08-91-T1, 15.10.2009, 1508 (ICTY), cited by Campbell, “Making of Global Legal Culture,” 155.

  81. 81.

    The Prosecutor v. Katanga and Ngudjolo Chui, ICC-01/04-01/072, Reasons for the Oral Decision on the Motion Challenging the Admissibility of the Case, 16 June 2009, 18–19, (ICC), cited by Ibid.

  82. 82.

    Ibid., 156.

  83. 83.

    Ibid., 157.

  84. 84.

    Ibid., 166.

  85. 85.

    Emilia Justyna Powell and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell, “The International Court of Justice and the World’s Three Legal Systems,” The Journal of Politics 69, no. 2 (2007): 397.

  86. 86.

    Ibid., 398.

  87. 87.

    Ibid., 399 ff.

  88. 88.

    Ibid., 404.

  89. 89.

    Ibid., 405.

  90. 90.

    ibid., 408.

  91. 91.

    Merry, “What is Legal Culture?,” 52.

  92. 92.

    Ibid., 53.

  93. 93.

    Ibid., 56.

  94. 94.

    Bernhard Zangl, “Is There an Emerging International Rule of Law?,” in Transformations of the State, ed. Stephan Leibfried and Michael Zürn (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 78.

  95. 95.

    Ibid., 79.

  96. 96.

    Schwöbel, Global Constitutionalism, 106.

  97. 97.

    Koch, “Global Legal Culture,” 2-3.

  98. 98.

    Ibid. 9.

  99. 99.

    Ibid., 19.

  100. 100.

    Menyhart, “Changing Identities,” 180.

  101. 101.

    Lawrence M. Friedman, “Is There a Modern Legal Culture,” Ratio Juris 7 (1994): 117-31.

  102. 102.

    Also Friedman opines that different cultural traditions of the eastern societies do not create obstacles to absorb values of the western societies. According to him, modern legal culture is Western because the West modernized before the rest of the World: “Indeed, most so-called “Western” concepts are not really Western at all, at least not in the sense that they are part of ancient traditions. They are, rather, distinctively modern. After all, the West, too, had its traditional period. There are pre-modern fragments and vestiges of customs, habits, and ways of life that linger on in small, remote corners of Europe, and in rituals and ceremonies.” Lawrence M. Friedman, “Borders: On the Emerging Sociology of Transnational Law,” Stanford Journal of International Law 32 (1996): 84-85.

  103. 103.

    For example, the former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown explicitly articulated this need from his own perspective once in a meeting at Harvard University. Harvard Gazette, September 24, 2010, http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/09/gordon-brown%E2%80%99s-prescription/, last visit 12.09.2015.

  104. 104.

    Vorländer, “What is ‘Constitutional Cultures’?,” 23.

  105. 105.

    Richard Münch, Die Struktur der Moderne: Grundmuster und differentielle Gestaltung des institutionellen Aufbaus der modernen Gesellschaften (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1984), 311.

  106. 106.

    Roland Robertson, “Mapping the Global Condition: Globalization as the Central Concept,” in Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, A Theory, Culture & Society, ed. Mike Featherstone, (London: Sage Publications, 1990), 15-30.

  107. 107.

    Cass Sunstein, “Incompletely Theorized Agreements in Constitutional Law” (Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper no. 147, 2007, http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1149&context=public_law_and_legal_theory), 1, last visit 11.07.2015.

  108. 108.

    Daniel J. Elazar, “Globalization Meets the World's Political Cultures,” Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles3/polcult.htm), last visit 06.10.2015.

  109. 109.

    Smith, “Towards A Global Culture?,” 175.

  110. 110.

    Antonia Zervaki, Resetting the Political Cultural Agenda: From Polis to International Organization (Cham: Springer, 2014), 23.

  111. 111.

    Elazar, “Globalization.”

  112. 112.

    Ibid.

  113. 113.

    Ibid.

  114. 114.

    James Tully, Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 189.

  115. 115.

    Boaventura de Sousa Santos, “Towards a Multicultural Conception of Human Rights,” in Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, A Theory, Culture & Society, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage Publications, 1990), 219.

  116. 116.

    Ibid., 212.

  117. 117.

    Ibid., 227.

  118. 118.

    Hauke Brunkhorst, “The Co-evolution of Cosmopolitan and National Statehood – Preliminary Theoretical Considerations on the Historical Evolution of Constitutionalism,” Cooperation and Conflict 47, no. 2 (2012): 192.

  119. 119.

    Ibid., 192.

  120. 120.

    Tully, Strange Multiplicity, 190.

  121. 121.

    Ibid., 7.

  122. 122.

    Ibid., 7-8.

  123. 123.

    Daniel P. Franklin and Michael J. Baun, “Introduction,” in Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Approach, ed. Daniel Franklin and Michael Baun (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 6-7.

  124. 124.

    Ibid., 9.

  125. 125.

    Nikolai Wenzel, “From Contract to Mental Model: Constitutional Culture as a Fact of the Social Sciences,” Review of Austrian Economy 23 (2010): 58.

  126. 126.

    Tully, Strange Multiplicity, 135.

  127. 127.

    Ibid., 131.

  128. 128.

    Sunstein, “Incompletely Theorized Agreements,” 1.

  129. 129.

    Ibid., 3. In a similar vein, Hanna Lerner argues that in cases of deep political and cultural disagrements, constitutions can potentially undermine political stability and democratisation. The incrementalist strategies adopted in the constitution making processes of the deeply divided societies, such as Ireland, Israel and India, drafters of constitutions left the resolution of contentious foundational problems to the political domain by refraining from any clear solution and a clear language for these problems in the constitutions. However, it is also noteworthy that, according to Lerner the success of such an incrementalist approach in these countries hinge on the strong democratic organisations and judicial mechanisms. Hanna Lerner, “Constitution-writing in Deeply Divided Societies: The Incrementalist Approach,” Nations and Nationalism 16, no. 1 (2010): 68, 84.

  130. 130.

    Ibid., 10.

  131. 131.

    Ibid., 20.

  132. 132.

    Chris Thornhill, “Rights and Constituent Power in the Global Constitution,” International Journal of Law in Context 10 (2014): 357-396.

  133. 133.

    Ibid., 359.

  134. 134.

    Ibid., 361.

  135. 135.

    Ibid., 386.

  136. 136.

    Ibid., 363.

  137. 137.

    Ibid., 365.

  138. 138.

    Friedman, “Borders,” 82.

  139. 139.

    Ibid., 81.

  140. 140.

    Andreas Fischer-Lescano, “Die Emergenz der Globalverfassung,” Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 63, no. 3 (2003): 717-760

  141. 141.

    Thornhill, “Rights and Constituent Power,” 369.

  142. 142.

    Ibid., 386.

  143. 143.

    Simon Chesterman, “An International Rule of Law?,” The American Journal of Comparative Law 56, no. 2 (2008): 332.

  144. 144.

    The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/, last visit 02.09.2015.

  145. 145.

    The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Rome, 1950, http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf, last visit 02.09.2015.

  146. 146.

    Laurence R. Helfer and Anne-Marie Slaughter, “Toward a Theory of Effective Supranational Adjudication,” Yale Law Journal 107 (1997): 331.

  147. 147.

    Chesterman, “An International Rule of Law?,” 332.

  148. 148.

    David Nelken, “Using the Concept of Legal Culture” (UC Berkeley, Papers Presented in the Center for the Study of Law and Society Bag Lunch Speaker Series, 2004, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7dk1j7hm) last visit 09.05.2013. Ricardo Gosalbo-Bono, “The Significance of the Rule of Law and Its Implications for the European Union and the United States,” University of Pittsburgh Law Review 72 (2010): 240 ff. Chesterman, “An International Rule of Law?,” 336.

  149. 149.

    Gosalbo-Bono, “Significance of the Rule of Law,” 253.

  150. 150.

    Ibid., 254.

  151. 151.

    Ibid., 241-242.

  152. 152.

    Ibid., 249.

  153. 153.

    Lord Bingham, “The Rule of Law,” Cambridge Law Journal 66 (2007): 67, cited by Ibid., 259.

  154. 154.

    Chesterman, “An International Rule of Law?,” 340.

  155. 155.

    Ibid., 342.

  156. 156.

    Ibid., 345.

  157. 157.

    Ibid., 347. Winston P. Nagan and Garry Jacobs, “New Paradigm for Global Rule of Law,” Cadmus 1, no.4 (2012): 142.

  158. 158.

    Chesterman, “An International Rule of Law?,” 350.

  159. 159.

    Ibid., 355.

  160. 160.

    Zangl, “Emerging International Rule of Law?,” 73-91.

  161. 161.

    Rutti G. Teitel, “Humanity's Law: Rule of Law for the New Global Politics,” Cornell International Law Journal 35, no. 2 (2002): 362.

  162. 162.

    Ibid., 364-368.

  163. 163.

    Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, “How to Promote the International Rule of Law? Contributions by the World Trade Organization Appellate Review System,” Journal of International Economic Law 1 (1998): 31.

  164. 164.

    Ibid., 31.

  165. 165.

    Ibid., 35. Emphasis belongs to the original text.

  166. 166.

    Ibid., 33.

  167. 167.

    Ahmed Ali Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v. Council of the European Union and Commission of the European Communities, Court of First Instance of the European Communities, T-306/01, para. 277, 21.09.2005, cited by Chesterman, “An International Rule of Law?,” 352.

  168. 168.

    Ibid., 353.

  169. 169.

    Chesterman, “An International Rule of Law?,” 354.

  170. 170.

    Zangl, “Emerging International Rule of Law?,” 83.

  171. 171.

    Ibid., 77.

  172. 172.

    Petersmann, “How to Promote,” 35.

  173. 173.

    Millennium Declaration, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly

    55/2, U.N. Doc. A/RES/55/2, 2000, http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm, last visit 12.10.2015.

  174. 174.

    Chesterman, “An International Rule of Law?,” 357.

  175. 175.

    Zangl, “Emerging International Rule of Law?,” 73-74.

  176. 176.

    For example, compulsory jurisdictions of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body and the UN Security Council. However a contradictory point is the veto power of five permanent powers of the Security Council. Ibid., 76.

  177. 177.

    Ibid., 87.

  178. 178.

    Ibid., 86.

  179. 179.

    Petersmann, “How to Promote,” 28-30.

  180. 180.

    Ibid., 47.

  181. 181.

    Zangl, “Emerging International Rule of Law?”

  182. 182.

    Tully, Strange Multiplicity.

  183. 183.

    Stefan Oeter, “Regime Collisions from a Perspective of Global Constitutionalism,” in Contested Regime Collisions: Norm Fragmentation in World Society, ed. Kerstin Blome et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 22.

  184. 184.

    Ferejohn et al., “Editor’s Introduction,” 14.

  185. 185.

    Michel Rosenfeld, “Constitutional Identity,” in Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 765.

  186. 186.

    As an underpinning idea, Gardbaum argues that an international constitutional law appears in various contexts, “mostly in the big-c sense,” “but without the big-c constitution.” Stephen Gardbaum, “The Place of Constitutional Law in the Legal System,” in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 172. Global constitutional culture corresponds to what Gardbaum mentions as “the big-c sense.”

  187. 187.

    Petersmann, “How to Promote,” 28. Emphasis belongs to the original text.

  188. 188.

    Lawrence M. Friedman, “The Concept of Legal Culture: A Reply,” in Comparing Legal Cultures, ed. David Nelken (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1997), 35.

  189. 189.

    Schwöbel, Global Constitutionalism, 105.

  190. 190.

    Antje Wiener, “Constitutionalism Unbound: A Practice Approach to Normativity” (Paper presented at ‘Practice, Ethics and Normativity’ at the Annual Millennium Conference ‘Out Of The Ivory Tower - Weaving the Theories and Practice of International Relations’, London School of Economics & Political Science, London, 22-23 October 2011, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2103049 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2103049), 15, last visit 11.04.2014.

  191. 191.

    Mark Tushnet, “Constitution,” in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 218.

  192. 192.

    Slaughter, A New World Order.

  193. 193.

    Richard Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: A Republican Defence of the Constitutionality of Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 261.

  194. 194.

    Ibid.

  195. 195.

    Jürgen Habermas, The Postnational Constellation (Cambridge: Polity, 2001).

  196. 196.

    Marcelo Neves, Transconstitutionalism, trans. Kevin Mundy (Oxford and Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2013), 148.

  197. 197.

    As mentioned earlier, in modern society, the distinct legal orders are subordinated to the same binary code of legal/illegal. However, each legal order has its own structure, operations, legal procedures, and this situation creates a differentiation between these orders. Ibid., 74. Current facts in world constitutionalism, particularly through migration of constitutional values and norms between national, transnational and supranational legal orders give rise to an increasing vagueness of such differentiation. This is what is meant by a dedifferentiation in this realm.

  198. 198.

    Tushnet, “The Inevitable Globalization,” 987.

  199. 199.

    Ibid., 988-994.

  200. 200.

    Volkmar Gessner and Angelika Schade, “Conflicts of Culture in Cross-Border Legal Relations: The Conception of a Research Topic in the Sociology of Law,” in Global Culture, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage Publications, 1990), 265.

  201. 201.

    Pierre Legrand, “European Legal Systems are not Converging,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 45 (1996): 52-81. In this context, Merry draws attention to the role of local courts in adopting a new law from another nation and in constructing a new social order, by referring to studies on the meeting of secular laws with traditional cultures in Turkish and Ottoman history. Sally Engle Merry, “Anthropology, Law, and Transnational Processes,” Annual Review of Anthropology 21 (1992): 370. Thus, as will be dealt with again in the following paragraphs, Merry’s view can be regarded as opposite to Legrand’s.

  202. 202.

    Legrand, “European Legal Systems,” 55.

  203. 203.

    Ibid., 60 ff.

  204. 204.

    Roger Eatwell, “Conclusion: Part One, Europe of the ‘Nation States’? Concepts and Theories,” in European Political Cultures: Conflict or Convergence, ed. Roger Eatwell (London: Routledge, 1997), 246.

  205. 205.

    Ibid., 248.

  206. 206.

    Ibid., 234.

  207. 207.

    Ibid., 246.

  208. 208.

    Merry, “What is Legal Culture?,” 56. Also, Neves, Transconstitutionalism, 108.

  209. 209.

    Brun-Otto Bryde, “Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts und Internationalisierung des Verfassungsrechts,” Der Staat Bd. 42 (2003), H. 1, 61-75 cited by Jürgen Habermas, “Does the Constitutionalisation of International Law Still Have a Chance?,” in Divided West, ed. and trans. Cionan Cronin (Cambridge: Polity, 2006), 139

  210. 210.

    Neves highlights that transconstitutionalism, in particular between state legal orders, is not to be understood as an overarching global legal order. Neves, Transconstitutionalism, 118. At this point it is of note that the main idea of this section shows parallelism with this opinion.

  211. 211.

    Daniel Franklin and Michael Baun, “Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Approach (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 224.

  212. 212.

    Ibid.

  213. 213.

    Oxford Dictionaries, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/metonym, last visit 17.11.2015.

  214. 214.

    Penny Tompkins and James Lawley, “Metonymy and Part-Whole Relationships,” http://www.cleanlanguage.co.uk/articles/articles/210/1/Metonymy--Part-Whole-Relationships/Page1.html, last visit 17.11.2015.

  215. 215.

    Bart Kosko, Fuzzy Thinking: The New Science of Fuzzy Logic (New York: Hyperion, 1993) cited by Ibid.

  216. 216.

    Peer Zumbansen, “Carving Out Typologies and Accounting for Differences Across Systems: Towards a Methodology of Transnational Constitutionalism,” in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 77.

  217. 217.

    Günter Frankenberg, “Constitutional Transfer: IKEA Theory Revisited,” International Journal of Constitutional Law 8, no. 3 (2010): 565.

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    Aydin Atilgan

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Atilgan, A. (2018). Contemporary Constitutionalism to Understand Global Constitutionalism. In: Global Constitutionalism. Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht, vol 275. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55647-4_6

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