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Recent advances in snake venom proteomics research in India: a new horizon to decipher the geographical variation in venom proteome composition and exploration of candidate drug prototypes

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Abstract

India is the home to several venomous snake species which are responsible for the highest number of snake envenomings and deaths in the world. Nevertheless, the ‘Big Four’ species of snakes namely Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii), spectacled cobra (Naja naja), common krait (Bungarus caeruleus), and saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) account for most cases of envenoming, morbidity, and mortality primarily in the rural parts of the country. The composition of these snake venoms have been determined using conventional biochemical approaches. However, these studies faced the inevitable limitation of identification of non-enzymatic and low abundance venom toxins. In the last 5 years, mass spectrometry investigations of Indian snake venoms have provided comprehensive information on their venom proteomes. In addition, proteomic analysis has also been employed to identify and characterize snake venom protein complexes and serves as a tool for screening of candidate pharmacologically active drug prototypes from snake venoms. Further, mass spectrometry analysis has also found its way for the identification and quantification of poorly immunogenic venom toxins against commercial antivenoms and this information is of paramount importance for improved design and production of snake antivenoms for better hospital management of snakebite victims. In this review article, we have focused the recent advances in snake venom proteomics research in India that has facilitated the understanding of the pathophysiology of snake envenomation, provided insights for improvement for antivenom production and also discover drug prototypes from snake venom.

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Abbreviations

1D SDS-PAGE:

One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

2D SDS-PAGE:

Two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

3FTx:

Three-finger toxin

AChE:

Acetylcholine esterase

AChR:

Acetylcholine receptor

AKI:

Acute kidney injury

APase:

Aminopeptidase

ARF:

Acute renal failure

ASPro:

Aspartic protease

ChE:

Choline esterase

CRISP:

Cysteine-rich secretory protein

CTX:

Cytotoxin

CVF:

Cobra venom factor

Cys:

Cystatin

Dis:

Disintegrin

ECV:

Echis carinatus venom

EI:

Eastern India

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

ESI-LC-MS/MS:

Electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

GC:

Glutaminyl cyclase

GF:

Gel filtration

HhV:

Hypnale hypnale venom

Hya:

Hyaluronidase

kDa:

Kilo Dalton

KSPI:

Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor

KTX:

Kaouthiotoxin

KV:

Krait venom

LAAO:

l-amino acid oxidase

LNTX:

Long neurotoxin

MALDI:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

NCBI:

National Center for Biotechnology Information

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

NI:

Northern India

NkV:

Naja kaouthia venom

NnV:

Naja naja venom

NP:

Natriuretic peptide

NT:

5′-Nucleotidase

OLP:

Ohanin-like protein

PAV:

Polyvalent antivenom

PDE:

Phosphodiesterase

PLA2 :

Phospholipase A2

PLB:

Phospholipase B

RP-HPLC:

Reversed phased high-performance liquid chromatography

RVV:

Russell’s viper venom

SI:

Southern India

SVMP:

Snake venom metalloprotease

SVSP:

Snake venom serine protease

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

WHO:

World Health Organization

WI:

Western India

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a financial grant from Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, sponsored research project Unit of Excellence in Biotechnology in NER of India (BT/412/NE/UExcel/2013) to AKM. BK received Senior Research Fellowships from DBT U-Excel project grant.

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  1. Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India

    Bhargab Kalita & Ashis K. Mukherjee

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  1. Bhargab Kalita
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Kalita, B., Mukherjee, A.K. Recent advances in snake venom proteomics research in India: a new horizon to decipher the geographical variation in venom proteome composition and exploration of candidate drug prototypes. J Proteins Proteom 10, 149–164 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42485-019-00014-w

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