Abstract
Since 2020, China's Beidou has begun to provide an initial real-time precise point positioning (PPP) service via B2b signals for the Asia–Pacific region. It is expected to be used to achieve centimeter-level positioning and also brings opportunities for real-time time transfer. We collected 29 days of experimental data and compared it with the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) real-time products. The quality of the satellite's orbit and clock was analyzed first. Then, time transfer based on BDS-3, GPS, and BDS-3/GPS PPP was investigated. The results showed that the GPS PPP with the PPP-B2b is not recommended. The time transfer based on BDS-3 PPP using the PPP-B2a is feasible and achieves a 0.30 ns level. Importantly, the reliability of time transfer using the PPP-B2b outperforms that of PPP using CNES products due to the problem of unstable internet communication. Furthermore, compared to BDS-3-only, the precision of time transfer based on BDS-3/GPS PPP was not improved significantly.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.Data availability
The GNSS data of MGEX are provided by the IGS and can be downloaded through ftp://igs.gnsswhu.cn.
References
Cao X, Kuang K, Ge Y, Shen F, Zhang S, Li J (2022) An efficient method for undifferenced BDS-2/BDS-3 high-rate clock estimation. GPS Solutions. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-022-01252-0
CSNO (2019) Development of the BeiDou navigation satellite system (Version 4.0). http://www.beidou.gov.cn/xt/gfxz/201912/P020191227430565455478.pdf
CSNO (2020a) BeiDou navigation satellite system signal in space interface control document open service signal B2b (Version 1.0)
CSNO (2020b) BeiDou navigation satellite system signal in space interface control document precise point positioning service signal PPP-B2b (Version 1.0).
Duan B, Hugentobler U, Chen J, Selmke I, Wang J (2019) Prediction versus real-time orbit determination for GNSS satellites. GPS Solut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0834-2
Ge Y, Cao X, Shen F, Yang X, Wang S (2021a) BDS-3/Galileo time and frequency transfer with quad-frequency precise point positioning. Remote Sens. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142704
Ge Y, Chen S, Wu T, Fan C, Qin W, Zhou F, Yang X (2021b) An analysis of BDS-3 real-time PPP: Time transfer, positioning, and tropospheric delay retrieval. Measurement. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108871
Guang W, Zhang J, Yuan H, Wu W, Dong S (2020) Analysis on the time transfer performance of BDS-3 signals. Metrologia. https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/abbcc1
Jiao G, Song S, Liu Y, Su K, Cheng N, Wang S (2020) Analysis and assessment of BDS-2 and BDS-3 broadcast ephemeris: accuracy, the datum of broadcast clocks and its impact on single point positioning. Remote Sens. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12132081
Li G, Lin Y, Shi F, Liu J, Yang Y, Shi J (2018a) Using IGS RTS products for real-time subnanosecond level time transfer. China Satell Navig Conf (CSNC) 497:505–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0005-9_40
Li X, Chen X, Ge M, Schuh H (2018b) Improving multi-GNSS ultra-rapid orbit determination for real-time precise point positioning. J Geodesy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-018-1138-y
Li X, Yuan Y, Zhu Y, Huang J, Wu J, Xiong Y, Zhang X, Li X (2018c) Precise orbit determination for BDS3 experimental satellites using iGMAS and MGEX tracking networks. J Geodesy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-018-1144-0
Li Z, Chen W, Ruan R, Liu X (2020) Evaluation of PPP-RTK based on BDS-3/BDS-2/GPS observations: a case study in Europe. GPS Solut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0948-6
Liu Y, Yang C, Zhang M (2022) Comprehensive analyses of PPP-B2b performance in china and surrounding areas. Remote Sens. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030643
Lu J, Guo X, Su C (2020) Global capabilities of BeiDou navigation satellite system. Satell Navig. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43020-020-00025-9
Malys S, Jensen PA (1990) Geodetic point positioning with GPS carrier beat phase data from the CASA UNO experiment. Geophys Res Lett 17(5):651–654
Montenbruck O, Steigenberger P, Hauschild A (2014) Broadcast versus precise ephemerides: a multi-GNSS perspective. GPS Solut 19(2):321–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-014-0390-8
Montenbruck O, Steigenberger P, Prange L, Deng Z, Zhao Q, Perosanz F, Romero I, Noll C, Stürze A, Weber G, Schmid R, MacLeod K, Schaer S (2017) The Multi-GNSS experiment (MGEX) of the international GNSS service (IGS)–achievements, prospects and challenges. Adv Space Res 59(7):1671–1697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.01.011
Petit G, Luzum BJITN (2010) IERS Conventions (2010). 36
Saastamoinen J (1972) Atmospheric correction for the troposphere and stratosphere in radio ranging satellites. Artif Satell Geodesy 15:247–251. https://doi.org/10.1029/GM015p0247
Shi J, Ouyang C, Huang Y, Peng W (2020) Assessment of BDS-3 global positioning service: ephemeris, SPP, PPP, RTK, and new signal. GPS Solut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-020-00995-y
Shi C, Wu X, Zheng F, Wang X, Wang J (2021) Modeling of BDS-2/BDS-3 single-frequency PPP with B1I and B1C signals and positioning performance analysis. Measurement. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109355
Tang C, Hu X, Zhou S, Liu L, Pan J, Chen L, Guo R, Zhu L, Hu G, Li X, He F, Chang Z (2018) Initial results of centralized autonomous orbit determination of the new-generation BDS satellites with inter-satellite link measurements. J Geodesy 92(10):1155–1169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-018-1113-7
Tao J, Liu J, Hu Z, Zhao Q, Chen G, Ju B (2021) Initial assessment of the BDS-3 PPP-B2b RTS compared with the CNES RTS. GPS Solut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-021-01168-1
Tu R, Hong J, Zhang P, Zhang R, Fan L, Liu J, Lu X (2019) Multiple GNSS inter-system biases in precise time transfer. Meas Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab32b3o
Wang L, Li Z, Ge M, Neitzel F, Wang X, Yuan H (2019) Investigation of the performance of real-time BDS-only precise point positioning using the IGS real-time service. GPS Solut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0856-9
Weber G, Mervart L, Stürze A, Rülke A, Stcker D (2016) BKG Ntrip Client (BNC) Version 2.12: BKG Ntrip Client (BNC) Version 2.12
Wu Z, Zhou S, Hu X, Liu L, Shuai T, Xie Y, Tang C, Pan J, Zhu L, Chang Z (2018) Performance of the BDS3 experimental satellite passive hydrogen maser. GPS Solut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-018-0706-1
Xiao X, Shen F, Lu X, Shen P, Ge Y (2021) Performance of BDS-2/3, GPS, and galileo time transfer with real-time single-frequency precise point positioning. Remote Sens. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214192
Xu Y, Yang Y, Li J (2021) Performance evaluation of BDS-3 PPP-B2b precise point positioning service. GPS Solut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-021-01175-2
Yang Y, Gao W, Guo S, Mao Y, Yang Y (2019) Introduction to BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system. Navigation 66(1):7–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.291
Yang Y, Mao Y, Sun B (2020) Basic performance and future developments of BeiDou global navigation satellite system. Satell Navig. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43020-019-0006-0
Yang Y, Yang Y, Hu X, Tang C, Guo R, Zhou Z, Xu J, Pan J, Su M (2021) BeiDou-3 broadcast clock estimation by integration of observations of regional tracking stations and inter-satellite links. GPS Solut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-020-01067-x
Yang Y, Ding Q, Gao W, Li J, Xu Y, Sun B (2022) Principle and performance of BDSBAS and PPP-B2b of BDS-3. Satell Navig. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43020-022-00066-2
Zeng T, Sui L, Ruan R, Jia X, Feng L (2020) Uncombined precise orbit and clock determination of GPS and BDS-3. Satell Navig. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43020-020-00019-7
Zhang X, Li X, Lu C, Wu M, Pan L (2017a) A comprehensive analysis of satellite-induced code bias for BDS-3 satellites and signals. Adv Space Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.11.031
Zhang X, Wu M, Liu W, Li X, Yu S, Lu C, Wickert J (2017b) Initial assessment of the COMPASS/BeiDou-3: new-generation navigation signals. J Geodesy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-017-1020-3
Zhang P, Tu R, Wu W, Liu J, Wang X, Zhang R (2019) Initial accuracy and reliability of current BDS-3 precise positioning, velocity estimation, and time transfer (PVT). Adv Space Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.11.006
Zhao X, Ge Y, Ke F, Liu C, Li F (2020) Investigation of real-time kinematic multi-GNSS precise point positioning with the CNES products. Measurement. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108231
Zumberge JF, Heflin MB, Jefferson DC, Watkins MM, Webb FH (1997) Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks. J Geophys Res B3(102):5005–5017
Acknowledgements
We thank MGEX for providing observations. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42104014; 42077003; 41904018). Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20201374; BK20190714), Natural Science Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province, China (21KJB420005), State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth’s Dynamics (SKLGED2022-3-6, SKLGED2022-3-3) and High-level innovation and entrepreneurship talent plan of Jiangsu Province.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ge, Y., Cao, X., Lyu, D. et al. An investigation of PPP time transfer via BDS-3 PPP-B2b service. GPS Solut 27, 61 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01402-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01402-y