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The homogeneous characterisation of Ariel host stars

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Abstract

The Ariel mission will characterise the chemical and thermal properties of the atmospheres of about a thousand exoplanets transiting their host star(s). The observation of such a large sample of planets will allow to deepen our understanding of planetary and atmospheric formation at the early stages, providing a truly representative picture of the chemical nature of exoplanets, and relating this directly to the type and chemical environment of the host star. Hence, the accurate and precise determination of the host star fundamental properties is essential to Ariel for drawing a comprehensive picture of the underlying essence of these planetary systems. We present here a structured approach for the characterisation of Ariel stars that accounts for the concepts of homogeneity and coherence among a large set of stellar parameters. We present here the studies and benchmark analyses we have been performing to determine robust stellar fundamental parameters, elemental abundances, activity indices, and stellar ages. In particular, we present results for the homogeneous estimation of the activity indices S and \(\log (R^{\prime }_{\text {HK}})\) , and preliminary results for elemental abundances of Na, Al, Mg, Si, C, N. In addition, we analyse the variation of a planetary spectrum, obtained with Ariel, as a function of the uncertainty on the stellar effective temperature. Finally, we present our observational campaign for precisely and homogeneously characterising all Ariel stars in order to perform a meaningful choice of final targets before the mission launch.

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Notes

  1. https://www.astro.up.pt/resources/sweet-cat/

  2. https://github.com/ucl-exoplanets/ExoTETHyS/

  3. The planetary parameters were downloaded from the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia [110], the NASA Exoplanet Archive and the Exoplanet Orbit Database [54].

  4. In our implementation, we left each component to have its own covariance matrix, and initialised the components through K-Means clustering.

  5. https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/data.html

  6. https://hatnet.org

  7. https://hatsouth.org/

  8. a https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/SuperWASPMission.html

  9. b https://hatnet.org

  10. c https://hatsouth.org/

  11. https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/

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Acknowledgements

We thank R. Lallement for extinction estimates based on the 3D dust map of Vergely et al., 2021, in advance of publication. We thank I. Pagano for the useful discussions. C.D. acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709), and the Group project Ref. PID2019-110689RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; S.B., G.M. and D.T. acknowledge the support of the ARIEL ASI-INAF agreement n. 2018-22-HH.0; D.T. acknowledges the support of the Italian National Institute of Astrophysics (INAF) through the INAF Main Stream project “Ariel and the astrochemical link between circumstellar discs and planets” (CUP: C54I19000700005); D.B. acknowledges support by FCT through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020 and PTDC/FIS-AST/30389/2017, and by FEDER - Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (grant: POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030389). G.B. acknowledges support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement n. 2019-29-HH.0; S.S. was supported by United Kingdom Space Agency (UKSA) grant: ST/S002456/1.; E.D.M., V.A. and S.G.S. acknowledge the support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through national funds and from FEDER through COMPETE2020 by the following grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019, UIDB/04434/2020 and UIDP/04434/2020; PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113; PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 and POCI- 01-0145-FEDER-028953; E.D.M., V.A., S.G.S. also acknowledge the support from FCT through Investigador FCT contracts IF/00849/2015/CP1273/CT0003, IF/00650/2015/CP1273/CT0001, IF/00028/2014/CP1215/CT0002; T.C. acknowledges support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 792848 (PULSATION). T.C. is supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) in the form of a work contract (CEECIND/00476/2018); G.M. was supported by the LabEx P2IO, the French ANR contract 05-BLANNT09-573739; P.K. acknowledges the support of INTER-TRANSFER grant LTT20015. The work on the stellar activity indices was based on data from the following GAPS observation programs: A26TAC_70 and A27TAC_52, and from observations collected with HARPS/ESO (Chile) facilities (ESO programs IDs 0100.C-0474, 0100.C-0487, 0100.C-0750, 0100.C-0750, 0100.C-0808, 072.C-0488, 074.C-0364, 082.C-0718, 087.C-0831, 089.C-0050, 089.C-0151, 090.C-0540, 091.C-0184, 091.C-0184, 093.C-0417, 094.C-0428, 095.C-0367, 095.C-0718, 096.C-0183, 096.C-0417, 096.C-0417, 096.C-0762, 097.C-0571, 097.C-0571, 097.C-0948, 098.C-0292, 098.C-0292, 098.C-0304, 098.C-0304, 098.C-0820, 098.C-0860, 099.C-0303, 099.C-0374, 099.C-0491, 099.C-0491, 183.C-0437, 183.C-0972, 191.C-0873, 198.C-0169, 198.C-0838, 60.A-9036, 60.A-9700). This research has made use of the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France.

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  1. Camilla Danielski

    Present address: Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008, Granada, Spain

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UCL Centre for Space Exochemistry Data, Fermi Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QR, UK

    Camilla Danielski

  2. INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy

    Anna Brucalassi, Monica Rainer, Germano Sacco, Giada Casali, Laura Magrini, Nicoletta Sanna, Maria Tsantaki & Mathieu Van der Swaelmen

  3. INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, 90134, Palermo, Italy

    Serena Benatti & Giusi Micela

  4. Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762, Porto, Portugal

    Tiago Campante, Elisa Delgado-Mena, Vardan Adibekyan, Diego Bossini & Sérgio Sousa

  5. Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal

    Tiago Campante & Vardan Adibekyan

  6. INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via di Frascati, 33, I-00044, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy

    Katia Biazzo

  7. INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy

    Giovanni Bruno

  8. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Augusto Righi, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, I-40129, Bologna, Italy

    Giada Casali

  9. Astronomical Institute, Czech Academy of Science, Fric̆ova, 298 251 65, Ondr̆ejov, Czech Republic

    Petr Kabath

  10. AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Giuseppe Morello

  11. Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica Emilio Segré, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128, PALERMO, PA, Italy

    Pietro Palladino

  12. School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK

    Subhajit Sarkar

  13. Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology INAF-IAPS, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Rome, Italy

    Diego Turrini

  14. INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025, Pino Torinese, Italy

    Diego Turrini

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Danielski, C., Brucalassi, A., Benatti, S. et al. The homogeneous characterisation of Ariel host stars. Exp Astron 53, 473–510 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-021-09765-1

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