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The difficulties in establishing an occupational exposure limit for carbon nanotubes

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Abstract

Concern over the health effects from the inhalation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been building for some time, and adverse health effects found in animal studies include acute and chronic respiratory damage, cardiac inflammation, and cancer including mesothelioma, heretofore only associated with asbestos exposure. The strong animal evidence of toxicity requires that the occupational hygiene community develops strategies for reducing or eliminating worker exposures to CNTs; part of this strategy involves the setting of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for CNTs. A number of government agencies and private entities have established OELs for CNTs; some are mass-based, while others rely on number concentration. We review these various proposed standards and discuss the pros and cons of each approach. We recommend that specific action be taken, including intensified outreach to employers and employees concerning the potential adverse health effects from CNT inhalation, the development of more nuanced OELs that reflect the complex nature of CNT exposure, a broader discussion of these issues among all interested parties, and further research into important unanswered questions including optimum methods to evaluate CNT exposures. We conclude that current animal toxicity evidence suggests that strong action needs to be taken to minimize exposures to CNTs, and that any CNT OEL should be consistent with the need to minimize exposures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Toxics Use Reduction Institute, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA

    M. Ellenbecker

  2. Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1681, USA

    S-J. Tsai

  3. Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA

    M. Jacobs

  4. Institute for Work and Health, CH-1066, Lausanne, Switzerland

    M. Riediker

  5. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    T. Peters

  6. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan

    S. Liou

  7. Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Centro de Microelectrónica (CMUA), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 11001, Colombia

    A. Avila

  8. Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

    S. FossHansen

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  1. M. Ellenbecker
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Ellenbecker, M., Tsai, SJ., Jacobs, M. et al. The difficulties in establishing an occupational exposure limit for carbon nanotubes. J Nanopart Res 20, 131 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-018-4221-7

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