Abstract
In the age of the Anthropocene, the ocean has typically been viewed as a sink for pollution. Pollution is varied, ranging from human-made plastics and pharmaceutical compounds, to human-altered abiotic factors, such as sediment and nutrient runoff. As global population, wealth and resource consumption continue to grow, so too does the amount of potential pollution produced. This presents us with a grand challenge which requires interdisciplinary knowledge to solve. There is sufficient data on the human health, social, economic, and environmental risks of marine pollution, resulting in increased awareness and motivation to address this global challenge, however a significant lag exists when implementing strategies to address this issue. This review draws upon the expertise of 17 experts from the fields of social sciences, marine science, visual arts, and Traditional and First Nations Knowledge Holders to present two futures; the Business-As-Usual, based on current trends and observations of growing marine pollution, and a More Sustainable Future, which imagines what our ocean could look like if we implemented current knowledge and technologies. We identify priority actions that governments, industry and consumers can implement at pollution sources, vectors and sinks, over the next decade to reduce marine pollution and steer us towards the More Sustainable Future.
Graphic abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
source of the pollutant (at the source), once the pollutant is released (along the way), once the pollutant has entered the ocean (at the sink) or at multiple points along the system (bottom arrow). * indicates actions that could be successfully implemented well before the next decade to significantly reduce pollution
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott JK, Sumaila UR (2019) Reducing marine plastic pollution: policy insights from economics. Rev Env Econ Policy 13:327–336. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez007
Alario MV, Freudenburg WR (2010) Environmental risks and environmental justice, or how titanic risks are not so titanic after all. Sociol Inquiry 80:500–512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2010.00344.x
Alexander KA, Fleming A, Bax N, et al. (2020) Equity of our future oceans: outcomes and practice in marine science research. Authorea pre-print. December 10, 2020 https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160761569.97952359/v1
Alongi DM, McKinnon AD (2005) The cycling and fate of terrestrially-derived sediments and nutrients in the coastal zone of the Great Barrier Reef shelf. Mar Pollut Bull 51:239–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.10.033
Amunsen CE, Hanssen JE, Semb A, Steinnes E (1992) Long-range atmospheric transport of trace elements to southern Norway. Atmos Environ, Part A 26:1309–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(92)90391-W
Ando AW, Freitas LPC (2011) Consumer demand for green stormwater management technology in an urban setting: the case of Chicago rain barrels. Water Resour Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011070
Ban NC, Wilson E, Neasloss D (2020) Historical and contemporary indigenous marine conservation strategies in the North Pacific Conservation biology: the journal of the Society for. Conserv Biol 34:5–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13432
Beaumont NJ et al (2019) Global ecological, social and economic impacts of marine plastic. Marine Pollut Bulletin 142:189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.022
Bennett D (2013) Tracking the trends in manufacturing technology management. J Manuf Technol Manag 24:5–8. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410381311287454
Bennett EM, Carpenter SR, Caraco NF (2001) Human impact on erodable phosphorus and eutrophication: a global perspective: increasing accumulation of phosphorus in soil threatens rivers, lakes, and coastal oceans with eutrophication. Bioscience 51:227–234. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0227:HIOEPA]2.0.CO;2
Bernhardt ES, Rosi EJ, Gessner MO (2017) Synthetic chemicals as agents of global change. Front Ecol Environ 15:84–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1450
Brodin T, Piovano S, Fick J, Klaminder J, Heynen M, Jonsson M (2014) Ecological effects of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems—impacts through behavioural alterations. Phil Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 369:20130580. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0580
Buck B, Troell M, Krause G, Angel D, Grote B, Chopin T (2018) State of the art and challenges for offshore integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). Front Mar Sci 5:165. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00165
Bustamante P, Caurant F, Fowler SW, Miramand P (1998) Cephalopods as a vector for the transfer of cadmium to top marine predators in the north-east Atlantic Ocean. Sci Total Environ 220:71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00250-2
Capaldo A et al (2018) Effects of environmental cocaine concentrations on the skeletal muscle of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Sci Total Environ 640–641:862–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.357
Carroll AG, Przeslawski R, Duncan A, Gunning M, Bruce B (2017) A critical review of the potential impacts of marine seismic surveys on fish & invertebrates. Mar Pollut Bull 114:9–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.038
DeGeorges A, Goreau TJ, Reilly B (2010) Land-Sourced Pollution with an Emphasis on Domestic Sewage: Lessons from the Caribbean and Implications for Coastal Development on Indian Ocean and Pacific Coral Reefs. Sustainability 2:2919–2949. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2092919
Depledge MH, Godard-Codding CAJ, Bowen RE (2010) Light pollution in the sea. Mar Pollut Bull 60:1383–1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.08.002
Eagles-Smith CA, Ackerman JT, De La Cruz SE, Takekawa JY (2009) Mercury bioaccumulation and risk to three waterbird foraging guilds is influenced by foraging ecology and breeding stage. Environ Pollut 157:1993–2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.030
Elliott JE, Elliott KH (2013) Tracking Marine Pollution. Science 340:556–558. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235197
Englehardt JD (1994) Identifying promising pollution-prevention technologies. J Environ Eng 120:513–526. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1994)120:3(513)
FAO (2019) Voluntary guidelines on the marking of fishing gear. Directives volontaires sur le marquage des engins de pêche. Directrices voluntarias sobre el marcado de las artes de pesca. Rome/Roma. 88 pp. Licence/Licencia: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Fischer M, Maxwell K, Fredriksen PO (Nunnoq), Pedersen H, Greeno D, Jones R, Blair JG, Hugu S, Mustonenäki E & Mustonen K. (2020) Empowering her guardians to nurture our oceans future. Authorea https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160391058.89181791/v1
Foltete AS et al (2011) Environmental impact of sunscreen nanomaterials: ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of altered TiO2 nanocomposites on Vicia faba. Environ Pollut 159:2515–2522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.020
Gaines SE (1991) The polluter-pays principle: from economic equity to environmental ethos. Tex Int’l LJ 26:463
Golden CD et al (2016) Nutrition: fall in fish catch threatens human health. Nature 534:317–320. https://doi.org/10.1038/534317a
Goodchild A, Toy J (2018) Delivery by drone: an evaluation of unmanned aerial vehicle technology in reducing CO2 emissions in the delivery service industry. Transportation Res Part D Transport Environ 61:58–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.02.017
Grappi S, Romani S, Barbarossa C (2017) Fashion without pollution: how consumers evaluate brands after an NGO campaign aimed at reducing toxic chemicals in the fashion industry. J Clean Prod 149:1164–1173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.183
Haward M (2018) Plastic Pollution of the World’s Seas and Oceans as a Contemporary Challenge in Ocean Governance. Nat Commun 9:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03104-3
Henderson JR (2001) A pre- and post-MARPOL Annex V summary of Hawaiian monk seal entanglements and marine debris accumulation in the northwestern Hawaiian islands, 1982–1998). Mar Pollut Bull 42:584–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(00)00204-6
Hildebrand JA (2009) Anthropogenic and natural sources of ambient noise in the ocean. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 395:5–20. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08353
Hoffman DJ, Eagles-Smith CA, Ackerman JT, Adelsbach TL, Stebbins KR (2011) Oxidative stress response of Forster’s terns (Sterna forsteri) and Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) to mercury and selenium bioaccumulation in liver, kidney, and brain. Environ Toxicol Chem 30:920–929. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.459
Hong S, Lee J, Lim S (2017) Navigational threats by derelict fishing gear to navy ships in the Korean seas. Mar Pollut Bull 119:100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.04.006
Huntington T (2017) Development of a best practice framework for the management of fishing gear, Part 2: Best practice framework for the management of fishing gear. p 1 – 58, Global Ghost Gear Initiative, USA. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b987b8689c172e29293593f/t/5bb64b578165f5891b931a6b/1538673498329/wap_gear_bp_framework_part_2_mm_lk-2017.10.23.pdf
IMO (1978) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78). International Maritime Organisation, London, England. https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx
Jang YC, Hong S, Lee J, Lee MJ, Shim WJ (2014) Estimation of lost tourism revenue in Geoje Island from the 2011 marine debris pollution event in South Korea. Mar Pollut Bull 81:49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.02.021
Jennings S, Revill AS (2007) The role of gear technologists in supporting an ecosystem approach to fisheries. ICES J Mar Sci 64:1525–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm104
Joakim Larsson DG, Fick J (2009) Transparency throughout the production chain—a way to reduce pollution from the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 53:161–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.01.008
Kampmann P, Christensen L, Fritsche M, Gaudig C, Hanff H, Hildebrandt M, Kirchner F (2018) How AI and robotics can support marine mining. Paper presented at the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, USA, 2018/4/30/
Khan FR (2018) Ecotoxicology in the Anthropocene: are we listening to nature’s scream? Environ Sci Technol 52(18):10227–10229
Korhonen J, Honkasalo A, Seppälä J (2018) Circular Economy: the concept and its limitations. Ecol Econ 143:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.041
Krass D, Nedorezov T, Ovchinnikov A (2013) Environmental taxes and the choice of green technology. Prod Oper Manag 22:1035–1055. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12023
Krushelnytska O (2018) Solving Marine Pollution: Successful models to reduce wastewater, agricultural runoff, and marine litter (English). World Bank Group, Washington, D.C.
Landrigan PJ et al (2018) The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. The Lancet 391:462–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32345-0
Lange A, Paull GC, Hamilton PB, Iguchi T, Tyler CR (2011) Implications of persistent exposure to treated wastewater effluent for breeding in wild roach (Rutilus rutilus) populations. Environ Sci Technol 45:1673–1679. https://doi.org/10.1021/es103232q
Lebreton L, Andrady A (2019) Future Scenarios of Global Plastic Waste Generation and Disposal. Palgrave Commun 5:6. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0212-7
Lebreton LC, van der Zwet J, Damsteeg J-W, Slat B, Andrady A, Reisser J (2017) River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans Nature. Communications 8:5611. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15611
Liu W, Oosterveer P, Spaargaren G (2016) Promoting sustainable consumption in China: a conceptual framework and research review. J Clean Prod 134:13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.124
Lohmann R, Klanova J, Kukucka P, Yonis S, Bollinger K (2012) PCBs and OCPs on a East-to-West transect: the importance of major currents and net volatilization for PCBs in the Atlantic Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 46:10471–10479. https://doi.org/10.1021/es203459e
Longcore T, Rich C (2004) Ecological light pollution. Front Ecol Environ 2:191–198. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0191:Elp]2.0.Co;2
Lorek S, Spangenberg JH (2014) Sustainable consumption within a sustainable economy – beyond green growth and green economies. J Clean Product 63:33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.08.045
Macleod CK, Eriksen RS, Chase Z, Apitz SE (2016) Chemical pollutants in the marine environment: causes, effects, and challenges. In: Solan M, Whiteley N (eds) Stressors in the Marine Environment. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Mahalik NP, Nambiar AN (2010) Trends in food packaging and manufacturing systems and technology. Trends Food Sci Technol 21:117–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2009.12.006
Malehmir A et al (2012) Seismic methods in mineral exploration and mine planning: a general overview of past and present case histories and a look into the future. Geophysics 77:WC173–WC190. https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0028.1
Mattson G (2006) MARPOL 73/78 and Annex I: an assessment of it effectiveness. J Int Wildlife Law Policy 9(2):175–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880290600728195
Mattsson K, Johnson EV, Malmendal A, Linse S, Hansson LA, Cedervall T (2017) Brain Damage and Behavioural Disorders in Fish Induced by Plastic Nanoparticles Delivered through the Food Chain. Sci Rep 7:11452. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10813-0
McCarthy E (2004) International Regulation of Underwater Sound. Springer, US, New York
Michael JA (1998) Recycling, international trade, and the distribution of pollution: the effect of increased U.S. paper recycling on U.S. import demand for Canadian paper. J Agric Appl Econ 30:217–223. https://doi.org/10.1017/S107407080000818X
Moktadir MA, Rahman T, Rahman MH, Ali SM, Paul SK (2018) Drivers to sustainable manufacturing practices and circular economy: a perspective of leather industries in Bangladesh. J Clean Prod 174:1366–1380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.063
Mont O, Plepys A (2008) Sustainable consumption progress: should we be proud or alarmed? J Clean Prod 16:531–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.01.009
Moore P (2018) Moore on Pricing: The cost of ocean pollution. Logistics Management. https://www.logisticsmgmt.com/article/moore_on_pricing_the_cost_of_ocean_pollution. Accessed 17/01/2020
Mustonen T, Maxwell KH, Mustonen K et al (2021) Who is the ocean? Preface to the future seas 2030 special issue. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-021-09655-x
Nash JP et al (2004) Long-term exposure to environmental concentrations of the pharmaceutical ethynylestradiol causes reproductive failure in fish. Environ Health Perspect 112:1725–1733. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7209
Nash KL, Alexander KA, Melbourne-Thomas J, Novaglio C, Sbrocchi C, Villanueva C, Pecl GT (2021) Developing achievable alternate futures for key challenges during the UN decade of ocean science for sustainable development. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-020-09629-5
Nichols WJ (2014) Blue Mind Little. Brown Book Group, London
Nie P-y (2012) A monopoly with pollution emissions. J Environ Planning Manag 55:705–711. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2011.622742
O’Brien AL, Dafforn KA, Chariton AA, Johnston EL, Mayer-Pinto M (2019) After decades of stressor research in urban estuarine ecosystems the focus is still on single stressors: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ 684:753–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.131
Ofiara DD, Seneca JJ (2006) Biological effects and subsequent economic effects and losses from marine pollution and degradations in marine environments: Implications from the literature. Mar Pollut Bull 52:844–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.02.022
O’Shea FT, Cundy AB, Spencer KL (2018) The contaminant legacy from historic coastal landfills and their potential as sources of diffuse pollution. Mar Pollut Bull 128:446–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.047
Ouardighi FE, Sim JE, Kim B (2016) Pollution accumulation and abatement policy in a supply chain. Eur J Oper Res 248:982–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.08.009
Pan S-Y, Du MA, Huang IT, Liu IH, Chang EE, Chiang P-C (2015) Strategies on implementation of waste-to-energy (WTE) supply chain for circular economy system: a review. J Clean Prod 108:409–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.124
Parker R, Bayne K, Clinton PW (2016) Robotics in forestry NZ Journal of Forestry 60:9
PlasticsEurope (2018) Plastics Europe - The facts 2018: An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data. PlasticsEurope, Brussels, Belgium, https://www.plasticseurope.org/en/focus-areas/strategy-plastics
Rochman CM (2016) Strategies for reducing ocean plastic debris should be diverse and guided by science. Environ Res Lett 11:041001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/041001
Ryan PG, Jewitt D (1996) Cleaning beaches: sweeping the rubbish under the carpet. S Afr J Sci 92:275–276
Rzymski P, Drewek A, Klimaszyk P (2017) Pharmaceutical pollution of aquatic environment: an emerging and enormous challenge 17:97 https://doi.org/10.1515/limre-2017-0010
Saeed BB, Afsar B, Hafeez S, Khan I, Tahir M, Afridi MA (2019) Promoting employee’s proenvironmental behavior through green human resource management practices. Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag 26:424–438. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1694
Salamat N, Etemadi-Deylami E, Movahedinia A, Mohammadi Y (2014) Heavy metals in selected tissues and histopathological changes in liver and kidney of common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) from Anzali Wetland, the south Caspian Sea. Iran Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 110:298–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.09.011
Schnurr REJ et al (2018) Reducing marine pollution from single-use plastics (SUPs): a review. Marine Pollut Bulletin 137:157–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.001
Seitzinger SP, Kroeze C, Bouwman AF, Caraco N, Dentener F, Styles RV (2002) Global patterns of dissolved inorganic and particulate nitrogen inputs to coastal systems: recent conditions and future projections. Estuaries 25:640–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02804897
Seitzinger SP, Mayorga E (2016) Chapter 7.3: Nutrient inputs from river systems to coastal waters. In: IOC-UNESCO and UNEP (2016) Large Marine Ecosystems: Status and Trends. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, pp 179–195
Sharma S, Henriques I (2005) Stakeholder influences on sustainability practices in the Canadian forest products industry. Strateg Manag J 26:159–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.439
Sherman P, van Sebille E (2016) Modeling marine surface microplastic transport to assess optimal removal locations. Environ Res Lett 11:014006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/1/014006
Simmonds MP, Dolman SJ, Jasny M, Parsons ECM, Weilgart L, Wright AJ, Leaper R (2014) Marine noise pollution - increasing recognition but need for more practical action. J Ocean Technol 9:71–90
Smith VK, Zhang X, Palmquist RB (1997) Marine debris, beach quality, and non-market values. Environ Resour Econ 10:223–247. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026465413899
Sun B, Zhang L, Yang L, Zhang F, Norse D, Zhu Z (2012) Agricultural non-point source pollution in China: causes and mitigation measures. Ambio 41:370–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0249-6
The polluter-pays principle. In Elgar Encyclopedia of Environmental Law, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785365669.VI.20
Tournadre J (2014) Anthropogenic pressure on the open ocean: the growth of ship traffic revealed by altimeter data analysis. Geophys Res Lett 41:7924–7932. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl061786
Uhrin AV (2016) Tropical cyclones, derelict traps, and the future of the Florida Keys commercial spiny lobster fishery. Marine Policy 69:84–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.009
Umeda Y, Fukushige S, Mizuno T, Matsuyama Y (2013) Generating design alternatives for increasing recyclability of products. CIRP Ann 62:135–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2013.03.060
UNEA (2019) Resolutions adopted by the United Nations Environment Assembly adopted on 15 March 2019. UNEP,. http://web.unep.org/environmentassembly/proceedings-report-ministerial-declaration-resolutions-and-decisions.
UNEP UNEP (1982) Marine pollution. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 25
United Nations General Assembly U (2015) Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development vol A/RES/70/1
Urbina I (2019) The Outlaw Ocean: Crime and Survival in the Last Untames Frontier. The Bodley Head & Vintage Publishing, London, UK
Velis CA (2014) Global recycling markets - plastic waste: A story for one player – China. Report prepared by FUELogy and formatted by D-waste on behalf of International Solid Waste Association - Globalisation and Waste Management Task Force. ISWA, Vienna, September 2014
Vergragt PJ, Dendler L, de Jong M, Matus K (2016) Transitions to sustainable consumption and production in cities. J Clean Prod 134:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.050
Vince J, Hardesty B Swimming in plastic soup: governance solutions to the marine debris problem. Australian Political Studies Association Conference, 26 – 28 September, University of New South Wales, 2016
Vince J, Hardesty BD (2018) Governance solutions to the tragedy of the commons that marine plastics have become. Front Mar Sci 5:214. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00214
White AT, Vogt HP, Arin T (2000) Philippine coral reefs under threat: the economic losses caused by reef destruction. Mar Pollut Bull 40:598–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00022-9
Wilcox C, Hardesty BD, Law KL (2020) Abundance of floating plastic particles is increasing in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 54:790–796. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04812
Williams R et al (2015) Impacts of anthropogenic noise on marine life: publication patterns, new discoveries, and future directions in research and management. Ocean Coastal Manag 115:17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.05.021
Wilson DC et al. (2015) Global Waste Management Outlook. UNEP, Vienna, Austria
Yang Q, Yu S, Jiang D (2014) A modular method of developing an eco-product family considering the reusability and recyclability of customer products. J Clean Prod 64:254–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.07.030
Zhu W, Graney J, Salvage K (2008) Land-Use Impact on water pollution: elevated pollutant input and reduced pollutant retention. J Contemp Water Res Edu 138:15–21
Acknowledgements
We thank Lola, Rex and Vanessa Greeno for sharing their knowledge of the impacts of pollution on their art and culture. Thank you to Animate Your Science, JB Creative Services and Annie Gatenby for assistance with the graphical aspects of this project. Thank you to Rupert the Boxer puppy for deciding authorship order. This paper is part of the ‘Future Seas’ initiative (www.FutureSeas2030.org), hosted by the Centre for Marine Socioecology at the University of Tasmania. This initiative delivers a series of journal articles addressing key challenges for the UN International Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development 2021-2030. The general concepts and methods applied in many of these papers were developed in large collaborative workshops involving more participants than listed as co-authors here, and we are grateful for their collective input. Funding for Future Seas was provided by the Centre for Marine Socioecology, IMAS, MENZIES and the College of Arts, Law and Education, the College of Science and Engineering at UTAS, and Snowchange from Finland. We acknowledge support from a Research Enhancement Program grant from the DVCR Office at UTAS. Thank you to Camilla Novaglio for providing an internal project review of an earlier draft, and to guest editor Rob Stephenson, editor-in-chief Jan Strugnell and two anonymous reviewers, for improving the manuscript. We acknowledge and pay respect to the traditional owners and custodians of sea country all around the world, and recognise their collective wisdom and knowledge of our ocean and coasts.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
P.S. Puskic and K. Willis share equal lead authorship on this paper. All authors wrote sections of this manuscript and contributed to concept design and paper discussions. N.F and H.P. wrote the narratives for Table 4. D.G. wrote Table 3. All authors provided edits and feedback to earlier drafts.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest. This work is original and has not been submitted for publication anywhere else.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Willis, K.A., Serra-Gonçalves, C., Richardson, K. et al. Cleaner seas: reducing marine pollution. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 32, 145–160 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-021-09674-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-021-09674-8