Abstract
The effects of renewable energy, tourism, foreign direct investment, and income on environmental degradation have attracted the attention of many researchers, but to date, no researcher has examined the concurrent effects of these variables on CO2 emissions for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. Motivated by this gap in the literature, this study aims to analyze the determinants of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions under the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for six ASEAN countries. To this end, the study utilizes the panel ARDL estimator and the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test from 1995 to 2018. The results show that (i) tourism and foreign direct investment increase CO2 emissions. (ii) Real income and trade openness reduce environmental degradation. (iii) Since the long-run income elasticity is lower than the short-run, the EKC hypothesis is valid. (iv) Renewable energy reduces carbon emissions only in the short term and has no effect on environmental quality in the long term. There is also no causal relationship between renewable energy and environmental degradation. This could be due to the ineffective deployment of renewable energy in ASEAN countries. Based on these results, this study suggests that ASEAN countries should effectively use renewable energy, reduce the amount of fossil energy in the tourism sector, and support economic development to achieve a sustainable environment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.Data availability
The sources of data have been duly mentioned in the study.
References
Adeel-Farooq RM, Raji JO, Adeleye BN (2021) Economic growth and methane emission: testing the EKC hypothesis in ASEAN economies. Manag Environ Qual: An In J 32(2):277–289. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-07-2020-0149
Agboola PO, Hossain M, Gyamfi BA, Bekun FV (2022) Environmental consequences of foreign direct investment influx and conventional energy consumption: evidence from dynamic ARDL simulation for Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:53584–53597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19656-3
Akadiri SS, Lasisi TT, Uzuner G, Akadiri AC (2020) Examining the causal impacts of tourism, globalization, economic growth and carbon emissions in tourism island territories: bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis. Curr Issue Tour 23(4):470–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1539067
Al-Mulali U, Saboori B, Ozturk I (2015) Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Vietnam. Energy Policy 76:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.019
Al-Mulali U, Solarin SA, Ozturk I (2016) Investigating the presence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Kenya: an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. Nat Hazards 80(3):1729–1747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-2050-x
Andlib Z, Salcedo-Castro J (2021) The impacts of tourism and governance on CO2 emissions in selected South Asian countries. Etikonomi 20(2):385–396. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v20i2.17499
Anwar A, Siddique M, Dogan E, Sharif A (2021) The moderating role of renewable and non-renewable energy in environment-income nexus for ASEAN countries: evidence from Method of Moments Quantile Regression. Renew Energy 164:956–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.128
Armeanu DS, Joldes CC, Gherghina SC, Andrei JV (2021) Understanding the multidimensional linkages among renewable energy, pollution, economic growth and urbanization in contemporary economies: quantitative assessments across different income countries’ groups. Renew Sust Energ Rev 142:110818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110818
ASEAN (2015) ASEAN community vision 2025. Malaysia. https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/2015/November/aec-page/ASEAN-Community-Vision-2025.pdf. Accessed 13 Apr 2022
Balsalobre-Lorente D, Leitão NC, Bekun FV (2021) Fresh validation of the low carbon development hypothesis under the EKC Scheme in Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain. Energies 14(1):250. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010250
Baltagi BH (2013) Economic analysis of panel data. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Hoboken
Baltagi BH, Feng Q, Kao C (2012) A Lagrange multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model. J Econ 170(1):164–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2012.04.004
Bekun FV (2022) Mitigating emissions in India: accounting for the role of real income, renewable energy consumption and investment in energy. Int J Energy Econ Policy 12(1):188–192
Bhujabal P, Sethi N, Padhan PC (2021) ICT, foreign direct investment and environmental pollution in major Asia Pacific countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(31):42649–42669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13619-w
Bin Amin S, Aftabi Atique M (2021) The nexus among tourism, urbanisation and CO2 emissions in South Asia: a panel analysis. Tour Hospital Manag 27(1):63–82. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.27.1.5
Breusch T, Pagan A (1980) The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications for the error components model with incomplete panels. Rev Econ Stud 47(1):239–253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
Brock WA, Taylor MS (2005) Economic growth and the environment: a review of theory and empirics. Handb Econ Growth 1:1749–1821. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01028-2
Caglar AE, Yavuz E, Mert M, Kilic E (2022) The ecological footprint facing asymmetric natural resources challenges: evidence from the USA. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(7):10521–10534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16406-9
Chandran VGR, Tang CF (2013) The impacts of transport energy consumption, foreign direct investment and income on CO2 emissions in ASEAN-5 economies. Renew Sust Energ Rev 24:445–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.054
Copeland BR, Taylor MS (1994) North-South trade and the environment. Q J Econ 109(3):755–787. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118421
Cropper ML, Oates WE (1992) Environmental economics: a survey. J Econ Lit 30(2):675–740
Danish, Zhang B, Wang B, Wang Z (2017) Role of renewable energy and non-renewable energy consumption on EKC: evidence from Pakistan. J Clean Prod 156:855–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.203
Destek MA, Sinha A (2020) Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: evidence from organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries. J Clean Prod 242:118537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118537
Destek MA, Sarkodie SA, Asamoah EF (2021) Does biomass energy drive environmental sustainability? An SDG perspective for top five biomass consuming countries. Biomass Bioenergy 149:106076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106076
Dinda S (2004) Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecol Econ 49(4):431–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011
Dong K, Sun R, Dong X (2018) CO2 emissions, natural gas and renewables, economic growth: assessing the evidence from China. Sci Total Environ 640:293–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.322
Dumitrescu EI, Hurlin C (2012) Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Econ Model 29(4):1450–1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
El Menyari Y (2021) The effects of international tourism, electricity consumption, and economic growth on CO2 emissions in North Africa. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(32):44028–44038. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13818-5
Eurostat (2018) Glossary: negative foreign directive investment (FDI) values. Luxembourg. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Negative_foreign_directive_investment_(FDI)_values. Accessed 5 Apr 2022
Gokmenoglu K, Taspinar N (2016) The relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and FDI: the case of Turkey. J Int Trade Econ Dev 25(5):706–723. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2015.1119876
Gössling S (2002) Global environmental consequences of tourism. Glob Environ Chang 12(4):283–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(02)00044-4
Gozgor G (2017) Does trade matter for carbon emissions in OECD countries? Evidence from a new trade openness measure. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(36):27813–27821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0361-z
Grossman GM Krueger AB (1991) Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. Working paper, vol 3914. NBER, Cambridge
Grossman GM, Krueger AB (1995) Economic growth and the environment. Q J Econ 110(2):353–377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
Guzel AE, Okumus I (2020) Revisiting the pollution haven hypothesis in ASEAN-5 countries: new insights from panel data analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(15):18157–18167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08317-y
Haldar A, Sethi N (2022) Environmental effects of information and communication technology-exploring the roles of renewable energy, innovation, trade and financial development. Renew Sust Energ Rev 153:111754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111754
Heidari H, Katircioglu ST, Saeidpour L (2015) Economic growth, CO2 emissions, and energy consumption in the five ASEAN countries. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 64:785–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.07.081
IEA (2017) CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. Paris, France. https://euagenda.eu/upload/publications/untitled-110953-ea.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2022
Im KS, Pesaran MH, Shin Y (2003) Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. J Econ 115(1):53–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
IPCC (2014) AR5 synthesis report: climate change 2014. Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/. Accessed 12 Apr 2022
Isik C, Ahmad M, Pata UK, Ongan S, Radulescu M, Adedoyin FF, Bayraktaroglu E, Aydin S, Ongan A (2020) An evaluation of the tourism-induced environmental Kuznets curve (T-EKC) hypothesis: evidence from G7 Countries. Sustainability 12(21):9150. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219150
Jaunky VC (2011) The CO2 emissions-income nexus: evidence from rich countries. Energy Policy 39(3):1228–1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.050
Khan MA, Ozturk I (2020) Examining foreign direct investment and environmental pollution linkage in Asia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(7):7244–7255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07387-x
Khan A, Chenggang Y, Hussain J, Bano S, Nawaz A (2020) Natural resources, tourism development, and energy-growth-CO2 emission nexus: a simultaneity modeling analysis of BRI countries. Res Policy 68:101751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101751
Kisswani KM, Harraf A, Kisswani AM (2019) Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: evidence from the ASEAN-5 countries with structural breaks. Appl Econ 51(17):1855–1868. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1529399
Koc S, Bulus GC (2020) Testing validity of the EKC hypothesis in South Korea: role of renewable energy and trade openness. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(23):29043–29054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09172-7
Koeberl C (2006) Impact processes on the early Earth. Elements 2(4):211–216. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.2.4.211
Kongbuamai N, Bui Q, Yousaf HMAU, Liu Y (2020) The impact of tourism and natural resources on the ecological footprint: a case study of ASEAN countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(16):19251–19264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08582-x
Kuznets S (1955) Economic growth and income inequality. Am Econ Rev 45(1):1–28
Lau LS, Choong CK, Eng YK (2014) Investigation of the environmental Kuznets curve for carbon emissions in Malaysia: do foreign direct investment and trade matter? Energy Policy 68:490–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.002
Lee CC, Olasehinde-Williams GO, Ibikunle JA (2021) An asymmetric examination of the environmental effect of tourism in China. Tour Econ 2021:13548166211021173. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166211021173
Levin A, Lin CF, Chu CSJ (2002) Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. J Econ 108(1):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
Lin B, Moubarak M (2014) Renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus for China. Renew Sust Energ Rev 40:111–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.128
Liu X, Zhang S, Bae J (2017) The impact of renewable energy and agriculture on carbon dioxide emissions: investigating the environmental Kuznets curve in four selected ASEAN countries. J Clean Prod 164:1239–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.086
Mehmood U (2021) Examining the role of financial inclusion towards CO2 emissions: presenting the role of renewable energy and globalization in the context of EKC. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:15946–15954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16898-5
Mensah IA, Sun M, Gao C, Omari-Sasu AY, Zhu D, Ampimah BC, Quarcoo A (2019) Analysis on the nexus of economic growth, fossil fuel energy consumption, CO2 emissions and oil price in Africa based on a PMG panel ARDL approach. J Clean Prod 228:161–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.281
Muhammad F, Khan A, Razzaq N, Karim R (2021) Influence of tourism, governance, and foreign direct investment on energy consumption and CO2 emissions: a panel analysis of Muslim countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(1):416–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10502-y
Munir Q, Lean HH, Smyth R (2020) CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in the ASEAN-5 countries: a cross-sectional dependence approach. Energy Econ 85:104571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104571
Narayan S, Narayan PK (2004) Determinants of demand for Fiji’s exports: an empirical investigation. Dev Econ 42(1):95–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2004.tb01017.x
Narayan PK, Narayan S (2010) Carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: panel data evidence from developing countries. Energy Policy 38(1):661–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.005
Panayotou T (1993) Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development (No. 992927783402676). International Labour Organization, Geneva
Pata UK (2018) Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Turkey: testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks. J Clean Prod 187:770–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.236
Pata UK (2019) Environmental Kuznets curve and trade openness in Turkey: bootstrap ARDL approach with a structural break. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(20):20264–20276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05266-z
Pata UK, Balsalobre-Lorente D (2022) Exploring the impact of tourism and energy consumption on the load capacity factor in Turkey: a novel dynamic ARDL approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:13491–13503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16675-4
Pata UK, Caglar AE (2021) Investigating the EKC hypothesis with renewable energy consumption, human capital, globalization and trade openness for China: evidence from augmented ARDL approach with a structural break. Energy 216:119220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119220
Pata UK, Hizarci AE (2022) Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve in the five most complex countries: ınsights from a modified ecological footprint model. Energy Environ 0958305X221120255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X221120255
Pata UK, Isik C (2021) Determinants of the load capacity factor in China: a novel dynamic ARDL approach for ecological footprint accounting. Res Policy 74:102313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102313
Pata UK, Kumar A (2021) The influence of hydropower and coal consumption on greenhouse gas emissions: a comparison between China and India. Water 13(10):1387. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13101387
Pesaran MH (2004) General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. In: Working Papers in Economics No. 0435. University of Cambridge, Cambridge
Pesaran MH (2007) A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. J Appl Econ 22(2):265–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
Pesaran MH, Shin Y, Smith RP (1999) Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. J Am Stat Assoc 94(446):621–634
Pigram JJ (1980) Environmental implications of tourism development. Ann Tour Res 7(4):554–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(80)90049-3
Rahaman M, Hossain M, Chen S (2022) The impact of foreign direct investment, tourism, electricity consumption, and economic development on CO2 emissions in Bangladesh. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(25):37344–37358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18061-6
Rahman MM, Alam K, Velayutham E (2022) Reduction of CO2 emissions: the role of renewable energy, technological innovation and export quality. Energy Rep 8:2793–2805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.200
Saboori B, Sulaiman J (2013) CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries: a cointegration approach. Energy 55:813–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.04.038
Saboori B, Al-Mulali U, Bin Baba M, Mohammed AH (2016) Oil-induced environmental Kuznets curve in organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC). Int J Green Energy 13(4):408–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2014.961468
Salman M, Long X, Dauda L, Mensah CN, Muhammad S (2019) Different impacts of export and import on carbon emissions across 7 ASEAN countries: a panel quantile regression approach. Sci Total Environ 686:1019–1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.019
Sapkota P, Bastola U (2017) Foreign direct investment, income, and environmental pollution in developing countries: panel data analysis of Latin America. Energy Econ 64:206–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.04.001
Selvanathan EA, Jayasinghe M, Selvanathan S (2021) Dynamic modelling of inter-relationship between tourism, energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in South Asia. Int J Tour Res 23(4):597–610. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2429
Shahbaz M, Sinha A (2019) Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a literature survey. J Econ Stud 46(1):106–168. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-09-2017-0249
Shahbaz M, Tiwari AK, Nasir M (2013) The effects of financial development, economic growth, coal consumption and trade openness on CO2 emissions in South Africa. Energy Policy 61:1452–1459
Shahnazi R, Shabani ZD (2021) The effects of renewable energy, spatial spillover of CO2 emissions and economic freedom on CO2 emissions in the EU. Renew Energy 169:293–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.016
Shakouri B, Khoshnevis Yazdi S, Ghorchebigi E (2017) Does tourism development promote CO2 emissions? Anatolia 28(3):444–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2017.1335648
Sharif A, Baris-Tuzemen O, Uzuner G, Ozturk I, Sinha A (2020) Revisiting the role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on Turkey’s ecological footprint: evidence from Quantile ARDL approach. Sustain Cities Soc 57:102138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102138
Shoaib HM, Rafique MZ, Nadeem AM, Huang S (2020) Impact of financial development on CO2 emissions: a comparative analysis of developing countries (D8) and developed countries (G8). Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(11):12461–12475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06680-z
Solarin SA (2014) Tourist arrivals and macroeconomic determinants of CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Anatolia 25(2):228–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2013.868364
Stern DI (2004) The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World Dev 32(8):1419–1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.03.004
Stern DI, Common MS, Barbier EB (1996) Economic growth and environmental degradation: the environmental Kuznets curve and sustainable development. World Dev 24(7):1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00032-0
Steve YS, Murad AB, Gyamfi BA, Bekun FV, Uzuner G (2022) Renewable energy consumption a panacea for sustainable economic growth: panel causality analysis for African blocs. Int J Green Energy 19(8):847–856. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2021.1966793
Tsaurai K (2019) The impact of financial development on carbon emissions in Africa. Int J Energy Econ Policy 9(3):144–153
UN (2007) Foreign direct investment (FDI) net inflows and net outflows as share of GDP. Manhattan, New York City. https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/global_econ_partnership/fdi.pdf. Accessed 6 Apr 2022
Vo AT, Vo DH, Le QTT (2019) CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth: new evidence in the ASEAN countries. J Risk Financ Manag 12(3):145. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12030145
Vo DH, Vo AT, Ho CM, Nguyen HM (2020) The role of renewable energy, alternative and nuclear energy in mitigating carbon emissions in the CPTPP countries. Renew Energy 161:278–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.07.093
Wang Y, Wang Z, Zameer H (2021) Structural characteristics and evolution of the “international trade-carbon emissions” network in equipment manufacturing industry: international evidence in the perspective of global value chains. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(20):25886–25905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12407-w
Wei Z, Lihua H (2022) Effects of tourism and eco-innovation on environmental quality in selected ASEAN countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17541-z
World Bank (2022) World development indicators database. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
World Energy Outlook (2020) 2020 International Energy Agency. Paris, France. https://www.iea.org/events/weo-week-getting-to-net-zero. Accessed 13 Apr 2022
Yasmeen H, Tan Q, Zameer H, Tan J, Nawaz K (2020) Exploring the impact of technological innovation, environmental regulations and urbanization on ecological efficiency of China in the context of COP21. J Environ Manag 274:111210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111210
Yilanci V, Pata UK (2020) Investigating the EKC hypothesis for China: the role of economic complexity on ecological footprint. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(26):32683–32694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09434-4
Zafar MW, Mirza FM, Zaidi SAH, Hou F (2019) The nexus of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption, trade openness, and CO2 emissions in the framework of EKC: evidence from emerging economies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(15):15162–15173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04912-w
Zambrano-Monserrate MA, Silva-Zambrano CA, Davalos-Penafiel JL, Zambrano-Monserrate A, Ruano MA (2018a) Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Peru: the role of renewable electricity, petroleum and dry natural gas. Renew Sust Energ Rev 82:4170–4178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.11.005
Zambrano-Monserrate MA, Carvajal-Lara C, Urgiles-Sanchez R (2018b) Is there an inverted U-shaped curve? Empirical analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve in Singapore. Asia-Pac J Account Econ 25(1-2):145–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2016.1245625
Zameer H, Yasmeen H (2022) Green innovation and environmental awareness driven green purchase intentions. Mark Intell Plan 40(5):624–638. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-12-2021-0457
Zameer H, Yasmeen H, Wang R, Tao J, Malik MN (2020a) An empirical investigation of the coordinated development of natural resources, financial development and ecological efficiency in China. Res Policy 65:101580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101580
Zameer H, Yasmeen H, Zafar MW, Waheed A, Sinha A (2020b) Analyzing the association between innovation, economic growth, and environment: divulging the importance of FDI and trade openness in India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(23):29539–29553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09112-5
Zameer H, Wang Y, Vasbieva DG, Abbas Q (2021) Exploring a pathway to carbon neutrality via reinforcing environmental performance through green process innovation, environmental orientation and green competitive advantage. J Environ Manag 296:113383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113383
Zhang D, Ozturk I, Ullah S (2022) Institutional factors-environmental quality nexus in BRICS: a strategic pillar of governmental performance. Econ Res-Ekonomska Istraživanja:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2037446
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
UKP: supervision, conceptualization, software; MMD: writing – original draft, formal analysis, methodology, visualization; FK: data curation, writing – original draft, writing – review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ilhan Ozturk
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Pata, U.K., Dam, M.M. & Kaya, F. How effective are renewable energy, tourism, trade openness, and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions? An EKC analysis for ASEAN countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 14821–14837 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23160-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23160-z