Abstract
Despite recent growths in research exploring the nature and scope of the online illicit marketplace, there has been a dearth of criminological inquiry examining both the chronological and functional steps offenders use to exchange illegal firearms online. As a result, it is unclear what role and function active market participants have within the online illicit firearms market, including the process of advertising, purchasing, and delivering these weapons. The current study sought to address this gap in the literature through a crime script analysis of 19 vendors advertising weapons on the Dark Web. The step-by-step processes involved in the advertising, actualization, and acquisition of illicit firearms were examined in detail.


Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The appearance of a manufacturer within the data is intended to reflect any model of weapon they produce.
References
Ablon, L., Libicki, M. C., & Golay, A. A. (2014). Markets for cybercrime tools and stolen data: Hackers’ bazaar. Rand Corporation
Aldridge, J., & Askew, R. (2017). Delivery Dilemmas: How Drug Cryptomarket Users Identify and Seek to Reduce their Risk of Detection by Law Enforcement. International Journal of Drug Policy, 41, 101–109
Aldridge, J., & Décary-Hétu, D. (2014). Not an ‘Ebay for Drugs’: The Cryptomarket ‘Silk Road’ as a Paradigm Shifting Criminal Innovation. Available at SSRN 2436643
Aldridge, J., & Decary-Hétu, D. (2016). Cryptomarkets and the Future of Illicit Drug Markets.The Internet and Drug Markets,23–32
Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (2016). Illicit Firearms in Australia Report. Canberra: ACIC. https://www.acic.gov.au/publications/unclassified-intelligence-reports/illicit-firearms-australia-report
Barratt, M. J. (2012). Silk Road: Ebay for drugs. Addiction, 107(3), 683
Barratt, M. J., Lenton, S., & Allen, M. (2013). Internet Content Regulation, Public Drug Websites and the Growth in Hidden Internet Services. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 20(3), 195–202
Borrion, H. (2013). Quality Assurance in Crime Scripting. Crime Science, 2(1), 1–12
Bricknell, S. (2012). Firearm Trafficking and Serious and Organised Crime Gangs. AIC reports: Research and Public Policy Series., p.xi
Broadhurst, R., Foye, J., Jiang, C., & Ball, M. (2021). Illicit Firearms and Other Weapons on Darknet Markets. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 622, 1–20
Carter, G. L. (2002). Guns in American Society. ABC-CLIO
Cherbonneau, M., & Copes, H. (2006). Drive it Like you Stole it: Auto Theft and the Illusion of Normalcy. The British Journal of Criminology, 46(2), 193–211
Chiu, Y. N., Leclerc, B., & Townsley, M. (2011). Crime Script Analysis of Drug Manufacturing in Clandestine Laboratories: Implications for Prevention. The British Journal of Criminology, 51(2), 355–374
Clarke, R. V. (1997). Situational Crime Prevention. Crime and Justice, 19, 91–150
Clarke, R. V., & Cornish, D. B. (1985). Modeling Offenders’ Decisions:A Framework for
Research and Policy.Crime and Justice, 6,147–185
Cook, P. J., & Braga, A. A. (2001). Comprehensive Firearms Tracing: Strategic and Investigative Uses of New Data on Firearms Markets. Arizona Law Review, 43, 277
Cook, P. J., & Ludwig, J. (1996). Guns in America: Results of a Comprehensive National Survey on Firearms Ownership and Use. Washington, DC: Police Foundation
Cook, P. J., Parker, S. T., & Pollack, H. A. (2015). Sources of Guns to Dangerous People: What We Learn by Asking Them. Preventive Medicine, 79, 28–36
Copeland, C., Wallin, M., & Holt, T. J. (2020). Assessing the practices and products of Darkweb Firearm Vendors. Deviant Behavior, 41(8), 949–968
Cornish, D. B. (1994). The Procedural Analysis of Offending and its Relevance for Situational Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, 3(1), 151–196
Décary-Hétu, D., & Dupont, B. (2013). Reputation in a Dark Network of Online Criminals. Global Crime, 14(2–3), 175–196
Décary-Hétu, D., & Giommoni, L. (2017). Do Police Crackdowns Disrupt Drug Cryptomarkets? A Longitudinal Analysis of the Effects of Operation Onymous. Crime, Law and Social Change, 67(1), 55–75
Décary-Hétu, D., & Laferrière, D. (2015). Discrediting Vendors in Online Criminal Markets.Disrupting Criminal Networks: Network Analysis in Crime Prevention,129–152
Ekblom, P., & Tilley, N. (2000). Going equipped. The British Journal of Criminology, 40(3), 376–398
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & Europol. (2019). EU Drug Markets Report 2019. Lisbon: Publication Office of the European Union. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2810/561192
Feinstein, A. (2011). The Shadow World: Inside the Global Arms Trade. Macmillan
Flamand, C., & Décary-Hétu, D. (2019). The Open and Dark Web: Facilitating Cybercrime and Technology-Enabled Offences. The Human Factor of Cybercrime (pp. 60–80). Routledge
Hales, G., Lewis, C., & Silverstone, D. (2006). Gun Crime: The Market In and Use of Illegal Firearms
Holt, T. J. (2013). Examining the Forces Shaping Cybercrime Markets Online. Social Science Computer Review, 31/(2), 165–177
Holt, T. J., Chua, Y. T., & Smirnova, O. (2013). An Exploration of the Factors Affecting the Advertised Price for Stolen Data. In 2013 APWG eCrime Researchers Summit (pp. 1–10). IEEE
Holt, T. J., & Lampke, E. (2010). Exploring Stolen Data Markets Online: Products and Market Forces. Criminal Justice Studies, 23(1), 33–50
Holt, T. J., & Lee, J. R. (2020). A Crime Script Analysis of Counterfeit Identity Document Procurement Online.Deviant Behavior,1–18
Holt, T. J., Smirnova, O., & Chua, Y. T. (2016). Exploring and Estimating the Revenues and Profits of Participants in Stolen Data Markets. Deviant Behavior, 37(4), 353–367
Holt, T. J., Smirnova, O., & Hutchings, A. (2016). Examining signals of trust in criminal markets online. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2(2), 137–145
Hutchings, A., & Holt, T. J. (2015). A Crime Script Analysis of the Online Stolen Data Market. The British Journal of Criminology, 55(3), 596–614
Hutchings, A., & Holt, T. J. (2017). The Online Stolen Data Market: Disruption and Intervention Approaches. Global Crime, 18(1), 11–30
Internationals Arms Transfer (2016). Retrieved August 2021. (https://www.sipri.org/research/armament-and-disarmament/arms-transfers-and-military-spending/international-arms-transfers)
Jacobs, B. A. (1996). Crack Dealers’ Apprehension Avoidance Techniques: A Case of Restrictive Deterrence. Justice Quarterly, 13(3), 359–381
Jacobs, B. A., & Cherbonneau, M. (2017).Nerve Management and Crime Accomplishment
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 54(5),617–638
Jardine, E. (2021). Policing the Cybercrime Script of Darknet Drug Markets: Methods of Effective Law Enforcement Intervention. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 46(6), 980–1005
Jeffrey, C. (2018). FBI Charges Three in Connection with DDoS-for-Hire Website Seizures. Techspot, December 20, 2018. https://www.techspot.com/news/77969-fbi-charges-three-connection-ddos-hire-website-seizures.html
Kennedy, J. P., Haberman, C. P., & Wilson, J. M. (2018). Occupational Pharmaceutical Counterfeiting Schemes: A Crime Scripts Analysis. Victims & Offenders, 13(2), 196–214
Krebs, B. (2017). UK Man Gets Two Years in Jail for Running ‘Titanium Stresser’ Attack-for-Hire Service. Krebs On Security, April 25, 2017. https://krebsonsecurity.com/2017/04/uk-man-gets-two-years-in-jail-for-running-titanium-stresser-attack-for-hire-service/
Krebs, B. (2018). Feds Charge Three in Massive Seizure of Attack-for-Hire Services. Krebs On Security, December 20, 2018. https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/12/feds-charge-three-in-mass-seizure-of-attack-for-hire-services/Krebs, B. (2019). Webstresser Users to Face Legal Action. Krebs on Security, Feburary 1, 2019. https://krebsonsecurity.com/2019/02/250-webstresser-users-to-face-legal-action/
Lavorgna, A. (2015). The Online Trade in Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals: New Criminal Opportunities, Trends and Challenges. European Journal of Criminology, 12(2), 226–241
Levi, M., & Maguire, M. (2004). Reducing and Preventing Organised Crime: An Evidence-Based Critique. Crime, Law and Social Change, 41(5), 397–469
Li, W., & Chen, H. (2014). Identifying Top Sellers in Underground Economy Using Deep Learning-Based Sentiment Analysis. In 2014 IEEE Joint Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference (pp. 64–67). IEEE
Mann, D., & Sutton, M. (1998). Netcrime: More Change in the Organization of Thieving. The British Journal of Criminology, 38(2), 201–229
Martin, J. (2014). Lost on the Silk Road: Online Drug Distribution and the ‘Cryptomarket’. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 14(3), 351–367
Miller, J. (1998). Up it Up: Gender and the Accomplishment of Street Robbery. Criminology, 36(1), 37–66
Miller, J. M., & Miller, H. V. (2021). Beating the House: Ethnographic Insights into a Web-Based Marijuana Grey Market. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 46(6), 1018–1033
Morselli, C., & Roy, J. (2008). Brokerage Qualifications in Ringing Operations. Criminology, 46(1), 71–98
Motoyama, M., McCoy, D., Levchenko, K., Savage, S., & Voelker, G. M. (2011). An Analysis of Underground Forums. In Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement Conference (pp. 71–80)
Office of Public Affairs Department of Justice (2017). Kansas Man Sentenced to 52 Months for Exporting Firearms to Overseas Purchasers Using Hidden Marketplace Website. Retrieved August 2021. (https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/kansas-man-sentenced-52-months-exporting-firearms-overseas-purchasers-using-hidden)
Paoli, G. P., Aldridge, J., Nathan, R., & Warnes, R. (2017). Behind the Curtain: The Illicit Trade of Firearms. Explosives and Ammunition on the Dark Web
Perdue, R. T. (2021). Who Needs the Dark Web? Exploring the Trade in Critically Endangered Plants on eBay. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 46(6), 1006–1017
Shah, A. (2013). World Military Spending.Global Issues, 30
Smirnova, O., & Holt, T. J. (2017). Examining the Geographic Distribution of Victim Nations in Stolen Data Markets. American Behavioral Scientist, 61(11), 1403–1426
Smith, M. J. (2017). Expanding the Script Analytic Approach Using Victim Narratives: Learning about Robberies of Taxi Drivers from the Drivers Themselves. Crime Prevention in the 21st Century (pp. 77–98). Cham: Springer
Tompson, L., & Chainey, S. (2011). Profiling Illegal Waste Activity: Using Crime Scripts as a Data Collection and Analytical Strategy. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 17(3), 179–201
Ubbink, J. (2019). Characterization of Illegal Dark Web Arms Markets
United Nations (2017). Human Cost of Arms Trafficking ‘Runs Deep’, Disarmament Chief Stresses as Security Council Debates Halting Illicit Trade on ‘Dark Web’. Media Release, 18 December. https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc13126.doc.html
United States Department of Justice (2018). Darknet International Gun Traffickers Sentenced. Media Release, 17 April. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndga/pr/darknet-international-gun-traffickers-sentenced
van Hardeveld, G. J., Webber, C., & O’Hara, K. (2017). Deviating from the Cybercriminal Script: Exploring Tools of Anonymity (Mis)used by Carders on Cryptomarkets. American Behavioral Scientist, 61(11), 1244–1266
VanNostrand, L. M., & Tewksbury, R. (1999). The Motives and Mechanics of Operating an Illegal Drug Enterprise. Deviant Behavior, 20(1), 57–83
Wintemute, G. J. (2013). Broadening Denial Criteria for the Purchase and Possession of Firearms: Need, Feasibility, and Effectiveness. Reducing Gun Violence in America: Informing Policy with Evidence and Analysis (pp. 77–93). The Johns Hopkins University Press
Wright, R. T., & Decker, S. H. (1994). Burglars on the Job: Streetlife and Residential Break-Ins. UPNE
Wright, R. T., & Decker, S. H. (1997). Armed Robbers in Action:. Stickups and Street Culture’, UPNE
Funding
This work was supported by the Department of Homeland Security [17STCIN00001-02-00]. The opinions and findings expressed are those of the researchers and not of the funding agency, its employees, or staff.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Declaration of Interest Statement
No potential competing interest was reported by the authors.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Holt, T.J., Lee, J.R. A crime script model of Dark web Firearms Purchasing. Am J Crim Just 48, 509–529 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-022-09675-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-022-09675-8