Published August 31, 2020
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Biotransformation of xenobiotics by hairy roots
- 1. Amity School of Biotechnology, Amity University Mumbai, Pune Expressway, Bhatan Post -Somathne, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410206, India
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Jha, Pamela, Sen, Rajdip, Jobby, Renitta, Sachar, Shilpee, Bhatkalkar, Shruti, Desai, Neetin (2020): Biotransformation of xenobiotics by hairy roots. Phytochemistry (112421) 176: 1-15, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112421, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112421
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- urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:B103B354FFDC4E048916FF9A8C5FFF8B
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- The potential of HR cultures obtained by infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes serves as a promising tool for various biotechnological applications including biotransformation of xenobiotics. First and most importantly, the genetic and metabolic stability of HRs has allowed its continuous subculturing for enhanced metabolite production, which is one of the most important characteristics in biotransformation (Majumder and Jha, 2012). A recent study by Hakkinen et al. (2016) confirmed the stable nature of cryopreserved HRs of Hyoscyamus muticuss, frequently subcultured during a 16-year follow-up. They reported unaltered expression of the transgene for production of alkaloids during the time of the study. However, some fluctuation was recorded in metabolic yields. Similarly, gene silencing was not observed in Catharanthus roseus HRs expressing anthranilate synthase, after 11 years of continuous subculturing (Sun et al., 2017). Research findings have also reported higher accumulation of specialized metabolites like Psoralen (from Psoralea corylifolia), and antioxidants and flavonoids from Raphanus sativus as compared to adventitious and non-transformed roots (Balasubramanian et al., 2018; Ponnusamy and Jayabalan, 2009). On the other hand, the non-transformed roots, plant cells, and tissues often show somaclonal variations and product instability. Hence a reliable and reproducible experimental system is difficult to design (Malik et al., 2016). The hormone autotrophy and uncontrolled growth prove extremely valuable for the commercial production of HRs for various applications (Goncalves and Romano, 2018).
- Secondly, with respect to xenobiotics, the efficiency of uptake is greatly enhanced by the large surface area of the HR structure. The higher surface area of contact with the contaminants allows increased uptake and hence increases the decontamination potential (Malik et al., 2016; Majumdar et al., 2018). Moreover, the characteristic of the rapid growth of HRs further ensures maximum removal of contaminants. Even when grown in a laboratory set up, the HRs show hormone-autotrophy i.e., the ability to grow without the supplementation of auxin or other growth hormones. This characteristic is one of the keys to the observed genetic stability of HRs. It is known that hormone supplements and growth regulators induce somaclonal variation in undifferentiated tissues when subcultured frequently (Baiza et al., 1999). Hormone autotrophy in Agrobacterium infected HRs is possible as a result of four genetic loci, called rol A, rol B, rol C, and rol D on the T-DNA which are responsible for the induction of specialized metabolite synthesis and signal transduction pathways (Moriguchi et al., 2001). These factors together, considerably lower the cost of implementation of HRs for setting up transgenic lines. In addition, the HRs produces a considerable quantity of exudates that aid in enzymatic detoxification of xenobiotics, sequestering the contaminants, or chelating the metal compounds from the soil (Gujarathi et al., 2005).
- Another major limitation of HRs in the biotransformation of xenobiotics is the challenges observed in metabolizing the toxic contaminants into completely non-toxic compounds. The harsh chemicals that are intended to be remediated by biotechnological methods are obviously toxic to live cells; whether plants or animals. Hence, unless rapidly degraded, they may have a detrimental effect on the plant itself. Moreover, many a time, the roots of plants lack several catalytic enzymes for efficient degradation of contaminants (Eapen et al., 2007). This may occur naturally in the environment or induced by bioaugmentation. The bioavailability of precursors and inducers for expression and activity of suitable enzymes is also a critical factor in the given scenario (Khosla and Keasling, 2003).