In recent years, with the rapid development of fields such as portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems, the performance requirements for lithium-ion batteries have been continuously rising. Among the numerous key components of lithium-ion batteries, the performance of the anode materials plays a crucial role, as it is directly related to core indicators such as the energy density, cycle life, and safety of the batteries. Among them, silicon-based anode materials have stood out among many anode materials by virtue of their extremely high theoretical specific capacity, becoming one of the hot research directions in the field of lithium-ion battery anode materials at present. However, silicon-based anode materials have problems such as severe volume expansion, poor electrical conductivity, low initial coulombic efficiency, and unstable solid electrolyte interphase during the charging and discharging process, which limit their wide application and urgently require the seeking of new solutions. This paper comprehensively and in-depth introduces the research progress of silicon-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries in recent years, focusing on the failure mechanisms and modification methods of silicon-based anodes, and provides effective solutions to the severe challenges faced in the commercialization process of silicon-based anodes.