Abstract
We posit that international business and the emergence and spread of communicable diseases are intrinsically connected. To support our arguments, we first start with a historical timeline that traces the connections between international business and communicable diseases back to the sixth century. Second, following the epidemiology of communicable diseases, we identify two crucial transitions related to international business: the emergence of epidemics within a host country and the shift from epidemics to global pandemics. Third, we highlight international business contextual factors (host country regulatory quality, urbanization, trade barriers, global migration) and multinationals’ activities (foreign direct investment, corporate political activity, global supply chain management, international travel) that could accelerate each transition. Finally, building on public health insights, we suggest research implications for business scholars on how to integrate human health challenges into their studies and practical implications for global managers on how to help prevent the emergence and spread of communicable diseases.
Résumé
Nous postulons que les affaires internationales et l'émergence et la propagation des maladies transmissibles sont intrinsèquement liées. Afin d’étayer nos arguments, nous commençons par une chronologie historique qui retrace les liens entre les affaires internationales et les maladies transmissibles jusqu'au sixième siècle. Deuxièmement, en suivant l'épidémiologie des maladies transmissibles, nous identifions deux transitions cruciales liées aux affaires internationales: l'émergence des épidémies dans un pays d’accueil et le passage des épidémies aux pandémies mondiales. Troisièmement, nous mettons en lumière les facteurs contextuels des affaires internationales (qualité de la réglementation du pays d'accueil, urbanisation, barrières commerciales, migration au niveau mondial) et les activités des multinationales (investissement direct à l’étranger, activité politique des entreprises, gestion de la chaîne d'approvisionnement mondiale, voyages internationaux) qui pourraient accélérer chaque transition. Enfin, nous appuyant sur la littérature de la santé publique, nous suggérons, d’une part, des implications de recherche pour les chercheurs en management sur la manière d'intégrer des défis liés à la santé humaine dans leurs travaux et, d’autre part, des implications pratiques pour les managers internationaux sur la manière d'aider à prévenir l'émergence et la propagation des maladies transmissibles.
Resumen
Planteamos que los negocios internacionales y el surgimiento y propagación de enfermedades transmisibles están conectados intrínsecamente. Para apoyar nuestros argumentos, primero comenzamos con un cuadro cronológico que rastrea las conexiones entre negocios internacionales y enfermedades transmisibles hasta el siglo VI. Segundo, siguiendo la epidemiologia de las enfermedades transmisibles, identificamos dos transiciones cruciales relacionados con los negocios internacionales: el surgimiento de epidemia en un país anfitrión y el cambio de epidemia a pandemia global. Tercero, resaltamos los factores contextuales de negocios internacionales (calidad regulatoria del país anfitrión, urbanización, barreras comerciales, migración global) y las actividades de las multinacionales (inversión extranjera directa, actividad política corporativa, gestión de la cadena de abastecimiento, viajes internacionales) que podrían acelerar cada transición. Finalmente, sobre la base de los aportes de la salud pública, sugerimos implicaciones de investigación para académicos de negocios internacionales sobre cómo integrar los retos de la salud pública en sus estudios y las repercusiones prácticas para los gerentes globales sobre cómo ayudar a prevenir el surgimiento y propagación de enfermedades transmisibles.
Resumo
Postulamos que negócios internacionais e o surgimento e disseminação de doenças transmissíveis estão intrinsecamente conectados. Para apoiar nossos argumentos, começamos com uma linha do tempo histórica que traça as conexões entre negócios internacionais e doenças transmissíveis até o século VI. Em segundo lugar, seguindo a epidemiologia de doenças transmissíveis, identificamos duas transições cruciais relacionadas a negócios internacionais: o surgimento de epidemias em um país anfitrião e a mudança de epidemias para pandemias globais. Em terceiro lugar, destacamos fatores contextuais de negócios internacionais (qualidade regulatória do país anfitrião, urbanização, barreiras comerciais, migração global) e atividades de multinacionais (investimento estrangeiro direto, atividade política corporativa, gestão da cadeia de suprimentos global, viagens internacionais) que poderiam acelerar cada transição. Por fim, com base em insights de saúde pública, sugerimos implicações de pesquisa para acadêmicos de negócios sobre como integrar desafios de saúde humana em seus estudos e implicações práticas para gerentes globais sobre como ajudar a prevenir o surgimento e a disseminação de doenças transmissíveis.
摘要
我们认为, 国际商务与传染病的出现与传播有着内在的联系。为了支持我们的论点, 我们的研究首先从一个将国际商务与传染病之间的联系追溯到六世纪的历史时间线开始。其次, 根据传染病的流行病学, 我们确定了与国际商务相关的两个关键转型: 东道国内部流行病的出现以及流行病向全球流行病的转型。第三, 我们强调了可以加速每次转型的国际商务的情境因素 (东道国监管质量、城市化、贸易壁垒、全球移民) 和跨国公司的活动 (外国直接投资、企业政治活动、全球供应链管理、国际旅行) 。最后, 基于公共卫生见解, 我们提出了关于商业学者对如何将人类健康挑战整合到他们研究中的研究启示以及关于全球管理者如何帮助预防传染病的出现与传播的实际启示。

Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.References
Abdullah, A. S. M., Thomas, G. N., McGhee, S. M., & Morisky, D. E. 2006. Impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on travel and population mobility: Implications for travel medicine practitioners. Journal of Travel Medicine, 11(2): 107–111.
Ahen, F. 2019. Global health and international business: New frontiers of international business research. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 15(2/3): 158–178.
Alirol, E., Getaz, L., Stoll, B., Chappuis, F., & Loutan, L. 2011. Urbanisation and infectious diseases in a globalised world. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 11(2): 131–141.
Allen, L. 2017. Are we facing a noncommunicable disease pandemic? Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 7(1): 5–9.
Alsan, M., Bloom, D. E., & Canning, D. 2006. The effect of population health on foreign direct investment inflows to low- and middle-income countries. World Development, 34(4): 613–630.
Apostolopoulos, Y., & Sönmez, S. F. (Eds.). 2007. Population mobility and infectious disease. Springer.
Arnold, D. G., & Bowie, N. E. 2003. Sweatshops and respect for persons. Business Ethics Quarterly, 13(2): 221–242.
Arnold, D. G., & Bowie, N. E. 2007. Respect for workers in global supply chains: Advancing the debate over sweatshops. Business Ethics Quarterly, 17(1): 135–145.
Bagwell, K., & Staiger, R. W. 2004. Multilateral trade negotiations, bilateral opportunism and the rules of GATT/WTO. Journal of International Economics, 63(1): 1–29.
Baier, S. L., & Bergstrand, J. H. 2007. Do free trade agreements actually increase members’ international trade? Journal of International Economics, 71(1): 72–95.
Baker, R. E., Mahmud, A. S., Miller, I. F., Rajeev, M., Rasambainarivo, F., Rice, B. L., Takahashi, S., Tatem, A. J., Wagner, C. E., Wang, L. F., & Wesolowski, A. 2021. Infectious disease in an era of global change. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 13: 1–13.
Baldwin, R. E., & Evenett, S. J. (Eds.). 2020. COVID-19 and trade policy: Why turning inward won’t work. CEPR Press.
Bapuji, H., & Beamish, P. W. 2019. Impacting practice through IB scholarship: Toy recalls and the product safety crisis. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(9): 1636–1643.
Bapuji, H., de Bakker, F. G. A., Brown, J. A., Higgins, C., Rehbein, K., & Spicer, A. 2020. Business and society research in times of the corona crisis. Business & Society, 59(6): 1067–1078.
Bapuji, H., Patel, C., Ertug, G., & Allen, D. G. 2020. Corona crisis and inequality: Why management research needs a societal turn. Journal of Management, 46(7): 1205–1222.
Barnard, H., Deeds, D., Mudambi, R., & Vaaler, P. M. 2019. Migrants, migration policies, and international business research: Current trends and new directions. Journal of International Business Policy, 2(4): 275–288.
Barnett, T., & Whiteside, A. 2002. AIDS in the twenty-first century: Disease and globalization. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Baum, F. E., & Anaf, J. M. 2015. Transnational corporations and health: A research agenda. International Journal of Health Services, 45(2): 353–362.
Baum, F. E., Sanders, D. M., Fisher, M., Anaf, J., Freudenberg, N., Friel, S., et al. 2016. Assessing the health impact of transnational corporations: Its importance and a framework. Globalization and Health, 12(1): 27.
BBC News. 2020. Wuhan: The London-sized city where the virus began. January 23. Retrieved 4 May 2021 from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51202254.
Beatty, T., Hill, A., Martin, P., & Rutledge, Z. 2020. COVID-19 and farm workers: Challenges facing California agriculture. ARE Update, 23(5): 2–4.
Berry, H., Kaul, A., & Lee, N. 2021. Follow the smoke: The pollution haven effect on global sourcing. Strategic Management Journal, 42(13): 2420–2450.
Bird, F. 2016. The practice of mining and inclusive wealth development in developing countries. Journal of Business Ethics, 135(4): 631–643.
Boberg-Fazlic, N., Lampe, M., Pedersen, M. U., & Sharp, P. 2021. Pandemics and protectionism: Evidence from the “Spanish” flu. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1): 1–9.
Brundtland, G. H. 2000. Nutrition and infection: Malnutrition and mortality in public health. Nutrition Reviews, 58(s1): S1–S4.
Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. C. 1998. Models of the multinational enterprise. Journal of International Business Studies, 29(1): 21–44.
Buckley, P. J., Doh, J. P., & Benischke, M. H. 2017. Towards a renaissance in international business research? Big questions, grand challenges, and the future of IB scholarship. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(9): 1045–1064.
Burns, D. K., Jones, A. P., Goryakin, Y., & Suhrcke, M. 2017. Is foreign direct investment good for health in low and middle income countries? An instrumental variable approach. Social Science & Medicine, 181: 74–82.
Carrington, D. 2020. Pandemics result from destruction of nature, say UN and WHO. The Guardian, June 17. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/17/pandemics-destruction-nature-un-who-legislation-trade-green-recovery.
Castelli, F., & Sulis, G. 2017. Migration and infectious diseases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 23(5): 283–289.
CDC. 2018. Emerging infectious diseases. Retrieved 7 May 2021 from https://web.archive.org/web/20210608022044/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/emerginfectdiseases/default.html.
CDC. 2019. 2009 H1N1 pandemic – Summary of progress since 2009. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/h1n1-summary.htm.
CDC. 2020a. What is Nipah virus? Retrieved 12 Nov 2021 from https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/about/index.html.
CDC. 2020b. First travel-related case of 2019 novel coronavirus detected in United States. Retrieved 30 Jan 2022 from https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020b/p0121-novel-coronavirus-travel-case.html.
CDC. 2021. Zoonotic diseases. Retrieved 3 Nov 2021 from https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/zoonotic-diseases.html.
CDC Foundation. 2021. What is public health? Retrieved 3 Nov 2021 from http://www.cdcfoundation.org/what-public-health.
Cherry, J. D., & Krogstad, P. 2004. SARS: The first pandemic of the 21st century. Pediatric Research, 56(1): 1–5.
Clapp, J., & Scrinis, G. 2017. Big food, nutritionism, and corporate power. Globalizations, 14(4): 578–595.
Cohen, J. 2009. Texan alleges Mexican pig farm may be liable for pregnant wife’s death from swine flu. Science, May 14. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://www.science.org/content/article/texan-alleges-mexican-pig-farm-may-be-liable-pregnant-wife-s-death-swine-flu.
Collings, D. G., Scullion, H., & Morley, M. J. 2007. Changing patterns of global staffing in the multinational enterprise: Challenges to the conventional expatriate assignment and emerging alternatives. Journal of World Business, 42(2): 198–213.
Connor, A., Layne, L., & Thomisee, K. 2010. Providing care for migrant farm worker families in their unique sociocultural context and environment. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 21(2): 159–166.
Crampton, L. 2020. In absence of federal action, farm workers’ coronavirus cases spike. POLITICO, June 10. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://www.politico.com/news/2020/06/09/farm-workers-coronavirus-309897.
Cuervo-Cazurra, A. 2018. The evolution of business groups’ corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 153(4): 997–1016.
Cutler, D. M., & Summers, L. H. 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic and the $16 trillion virus. JAMA, 324(15): 1495–1496.
Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A., & Hyatt, A. D. 2000. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife–Threats to biodiversity and human health. Science, 287(5452): 443–449.
de Lacy-Vawdon, C., & Livingstone, C. 2020. Defining the commercial determinants of health: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 20(1): 1022.
Dharmadhikari, A., Smith, J., Nardell, E., Churchyard, G., & Keshavjee, S. 2013. Aspiring to zero tuberculosis deaths among Southern Africa’s miners: Is there a way forward? International Journal of Health Services, 43(4): 651–664.
Dobner, J., & Kaser, S. 2018. Body mass index and the risk of infection - from underweight to obesity. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 24(1): 24–28.
Doh, J., Rodrigues, S., Saka-Helmhout, A., & Makhija, M. 2017. International business responses to institutional voids. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(3): 293–307.
Dunning, J. H. 1993. Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Addison-Wesley.
Edwards, D. P., Sloan, S., Weng, L., Dirks, P., Sayer, J., & Laurance, W. F. 2014. Mining and the African environment. Conservation Letters, 7(3): 302–311.
Elum, Z. A., Mopipi, K., & Henri-Ukoha, A. 2016. Oil exploitation and its socioeconomic effects on the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(13): 12880–12889.
Escandón, K., Rasmussen, A. L., Bogoch, I. I., Murray, E. J., Escandón, K., Popescu, S. V., & Kindrachuk, J. 2021. COVID-19 false dichotomies and a comprehensive review of the evidence regarding public health, COVID-19 symptomatology, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, mask wearing, and reinfection. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1): 710.
Estrin, S., Nielsen, B. B., & Nielsen, S. 2017. Emerging market multinational companies and internationalization: The role of home country urbanization. Journal of International Management, 23(3): 326–339.
Evenett, S. J. 2020. Sicken thy neighbour: The initial trade policy response to COVID-19. The World Economy, 43(4): 828–839.
Findlater, A., & Bogoch, I. I. 2018. Human mobility and the global spread of infectious diseases: A focus on air travel. Trends in Parasitology, 34(9): 772–783.
Flanagan, W., & Whiteman, G. 2007. “AIDS is not a business:” A study in global corporate responsibility: Securing access to low-cost HIV medications. Journal of Business Ethics, 73(1): 65–75.
Flecknoe, D., Charles Wakefield, B., & Simmons, A. 2018. Plagues & wars: The ‘Spanish Flu’ pandemic as a lesson from history. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 34(2): 61–68.
FlightConnections. 2020. Direct flights from Wuhan (WUH). Retrieved 10 May 2020 from https://www.flightconnections.com/flights-from-wuhan-wuh.
Fraser, C., Donnelly, C. A., Cauchemez, S., Hanage, W. P., Van Kerkhove, M. D., Hollingsworth, T. D., et al. 2009. Pandemic potential of a strain of influenza A (H1N1): Early findings. Science, 324(5934): 1557–1561.
Freitas, J., Vaz-Pires, P., & Câmara, J. S. 2020. From aquaculture production to consumption: Freshness, safety, traceability and authentication, the four pillars of quality. Aquaculture, 518: 734857.
Frenk, J., Gómez-Dantés, O., & Moon, S. 2014. From sovereignty to solidarity: A renewed concept of global health for an era of complex interdependence. The Lancet, 383(9911): 94–97.
Freudenberg, N. 2014. Lethal but legal: Corporations, consumption, and protecting public health. Oxford University Press.
Gamsa, M. 2006. The epidemic of pneumonic plague in Manchuria 1910–1911. Past & Present, 190(1): 147–183.
Gereffi, G., & Lee, J. 2012. Why the world suddenly cares about global supply chains. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 48(3): 24–32.
Gertner, D., & Rifkin, L. 2018. Coca-Cola and the fight against the global obesity epidemic. Thunderbird International Business Review, 60(2): 161–173.
Getz, K. A. 1997. Research in corporate political action: Integration and assessment. Business & Society, 36(1): 32–72.
Ghauri, P. N., & Rao, P. M. 2009. Intellectual property, pharmaceutical MNEs and the developing world. Journal of World Business, 44(2): 206–215.
Ghosh, S., & Renna, F. 2015. The relationship between communicable diseases and FDI flows: An empirical investigation. The World Economy, 38(10): 1574–1593.
Gifford, B., & Kestler, A. 2008. Toward a theory of local legitimacy by MNEs in developing nations: Newmont mining and health sustainable development in Peru. Journal of International Management, 14(4): 340–352.
Goerzen, A., Asmussen, C. G., & Nielsen, B. B. 2013. Global cities and multinational enterprise location strategy. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(5): 427–450.
Gold, S., Hahn, R., & Seuring, S. 2013. Sustainable supply chain management in “Base of the Pyramid” food projects: A path to triple bottom line approaches for multinationals? International Business Review, 22(5): 784–799.
Gopinath, G. 2020. A long, uneven and uncertain ascent. IMF Blog. Retrieved 1 Feb 2021 from https://blogs.imf.org/2020/10/13/a-long-uneven-and-uncertain-ascent/.
GRAIN. 2007. Corporate power: The palm-oil biodiesel nexus. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://grain.org/fr/article/entries/611-corporate-power-the-palm-oil-biodiesel-nexus.
Grover, A., Citro, B., Mankad, M., & Lander, F. 2012. Pharmaceutical companies and global lack of access to medicines: Strengthening accountability under the right to health. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 40(2): 234–250.
Gushulak, B. D., & MacPherson, D. W. 2004. Globalization of infectious diseases: The impact of migration. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38(12): 1742–1748.
Handfield, R. B., Graham, G., & Burns, L. 2020. Corona virus, tariffs, trade wars and supply chain evolutionary design. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 40(10): 1649–1660.
Harrison, M. 2012. Contagion. Yale University Press.
Harvey, M. 2021. The political economy of health: Revisiting its Marxian origins to address 21st-century health inequalities. American Journal of Public Health, 111(2): 293–300.
Hernández, V., & Pedersen, T. 2017. Global value chain configuration: A review and research agenda. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 20(2): 137–150.
Himmelberger, J. J., & Brown, H. S. 1995. Global corporate environmentalism: Theoretical expectations and empirical experience. Business Strategy and the Environment, 4(4): 192–199.
Hollingsworth, T. D., Ferguson, N. M., & Anderson, R. M. 2007. Frequent travelers and rate of spread of epidemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(9): 1288–1294.
Hosseini, P., Sokolow, S. H., Vandegrift, K. J., Kilpatrick, A. M., & Daszak, P. 2010. Predictive power of air travel and socio-economic data for early pandemic spread. PLOS ONE, 5(9): e12763.
Hu, Y., & Zhou, L. 2019. Wuhan becomes hub for French firms. China Daily, March 27. Retrieved 8 May 2021 from https://www.chinadailyhk.com/articles/252/228/130/1553669511947.html.
Huremović, D. 2019. Brief history of pandemics (pandemics throughout history). In D. Huremović (Ed.), Psychiatry of pandemics: A mental health response to infection outbreak: 7–35. Springer.
Jandhyala, S., & Phene, A. 2015. The role of intergovernmental organizations in cross-border knowledge transfer and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 60(4): 712–743.
Johns Hopkins University & Medicine. 2022. COVID-19 dashboard. Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. Retrieved 30 Jan 2022 from https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html.
Jones, K. E., Patel, N. G., Levy, M. A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., Gittleman, J. L., et al. 2008. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature, 451(7181): 990–993.
Jorgenson, A. K. 2007. Foreign direct investment and pesticide use intensity in less-developed countries: A quantitative investigation. Society & Natural Resources, 20(1): 73–83.
Jorgenson, A. K. 2009. Foreign direct investment and the environment, the mitigating influence of institutional and civil society factors, and relationships between industrial pollution and human health: A panel study of less-developed countries. Organization & Environment, 22(2): 135–157.
Kadandale, S., Marten, R., & Smith, R. 2019. The palm oil industry and noncommunicable diseases. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 97(2): 118–128.
Kahn, L. H. 2011. Deforestation and emerging diseases. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 20 Nov 2021 from https://thebulletin.org/2011/02/deforestation-and-emerging-diseases/.
Kano, L. 2018. Global value chain governance: A relational perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(6): 684–705.
Kerr, W. A. 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic and agriculture: Short- and long-run implications for international trade relations. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/revue Canadienne D’agroeconomie, 68(2): 225–229.
Kerwin, D., & Warren, R. 2020. US foreign-born workers in the global pandemic: Essential and marginalized. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 8(3): 282–300.
Khan, K., Arino, J., Hu, W., Raposo, P., Sears, J., Calderon, F., et al. 2009. Spread of a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus via global airline transportation. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(2): 212–214.
Kickbusch, I., Allen, L., & Franz, C. 2016. The commercial determinants of health. The Lancet Global Health, 4(12): e895–e896.
Kim, Y. H., & Davis, G. F. 2016. Challenges for global supply chain sustainability: Evidence from conflict minerals reports. Academy of Management Journal, 59(6): 1896–1916.
King, D. A., Peckham, C., Waage, J. K., Brownlie, J., & Woolhouse, M. E. J. 2006. Infectious diseases: Preparing for the future. Science, 313(5792): 1392–1393.
Kishore, S. P., Kolappa, K., Jarvis, J. D., Park, P. H., Belt, R., Balasubramaniam, T., et al. 2015. Overcoming obstacles to enable access to medicines for noncommunicable diseases in poor countries. Health Affairs, 34(9): 1569–1577.
Knight, V. 2020. Without federal protections, farm workers risk coronavirus infection to harvest crops. NPR, August 8. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/08/08/900220260/without-federal-protections-farm-workers-risk-coronavirus-infection-to-harvest-c.
Knudsen, J. S. 2013. The growth of private regulation of labor standards in global supply chains: Mission impossible for western small- and medium-sized firms? Journal of Business Ethics, 117(2): 387–398.
Kohl, T., Brakman, S., & Garretsen, H. 2016. Do trade agreements stimulate international trade differently? Evidence from 296 trade agreements. The World Economy, 39(1): 97–131.
Kraiselburd, S., & Yadav, P. 2013. Supply chains and global health: An imperative for bringing operations management scholarship into action. Production and Operations Management, 22(2): 377–381.
Krämer, A., Kretzschmar, M., & Krickeberg, K. (Eds.). 2010. Modern infectious disease epidemiology: Concepts, methods, mathematical models, and public health. Springer.
Labonté, R. 2019. Trade, investment and public health: Compiling the evidence, assembling the arguments. Globalization and Health, 15(1): 1.
Labonté, R., Blouin, C., & Forman, L. 2009. Trade and health. In A. Kay, & O. D. Williams (Eds.), Global health governance: Crisis, institutions and political economy: 182–208. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Labonté, R., Mohindra, K., & Schrecker, T. 2011. The growing impact of globalization for health and public health practice. Annual Review of Public Health, 32(1): 263–283.
Labonté, R., & Ruckert, A. 2019. Migration: Globalization’s historically defining element. In R. Labonté, & A. Ruckert (Eds.), Health equity in a globalizing era: Past challenges, future prospects: 71–92. Oxford University Press.
Laborde Debucquet, D., Mamun, A., & Parent, M. 2020. Documentation for the COVID-19 food trade policy tracker: Tracking government responses affecting global food markets during the COVID-19 crisis. International Food Policy Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133711.
Leisinger, K. M. 2005. The corporate social responsibility of the pharmaceutical industry: Idealism without illusion and realism without resignation. Business Ethics Quarterly, 15(4): 577–594.
Leisinger, K. M. 2009. Corporate responsibilities for access to medicines. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(S1): 3–23.
Li, X., & Zhou, Y. M. 2017. Offshoring pollution while offshoring production? Strategic Management Journal, 38(11): 2310–2329.
Lopez, O., & Jacobs, A. 2018. In town with little water, Coca-Cola is everywhere. so is diabetes. New York Times, July 14. Retrieved 15 Feb 2021 from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/14/world/americas/mexico-coca-cola-diabetes.html.
Lopez, N. 2020. Essential and vulnerable: COVID-19 takes hard toll on California’s migrant farm workers. USA TODAY, September 3. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/09/03/covid-19-hits-californias-migrant-farm-workers-hard-column/5689601002/.
Lorenzen, M., Mudambi, R., & Schotter, A. 2020. International connectedness and local disconnectedness: MNE strategy, city-regions and disruption. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(8): 1199–1222.
Makino, S., Lau, C.-M., & Yeh, R.-S. 2002. Asset-exploitation versus asset-seeking: Implications for location choice of foreign direct investment from newly industrialized economies. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(3): 403–421.
Mani, M., & Wheeler, D. 1998. In search of pollution havens? Dirty industry in the world economy, 1960 to 1995. The Journal of Environment & Development, 7(3): 215–247.
Marais, B. J., Lönnroth, K., Lawn, S. D., Migliori, G. B., Mwaba, P., Glaziou, P., et al. 2013. Tuberculosis comorbidity with communicable and non-communicable diseases: Integrating health services and control efforts. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13(5): 436–448.
Margolis, J. D., & Walsh, J. P. 2003. Misery loves companies: Rethinking social initiatives by business. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(2): 268–305.
McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. 2018. Revisiting the corporate and commercial determinants of health. American Journal of Public Health, 108(9): 1167–1170.
McMahon, J. 2020. How deforestation drives the emergence of novel coronaviruses. Forbes, March 21. Retrieved 5 Oct 2021 from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2020/03/21/how-deforestation-is-driving-the-emergence-of-novel-coronaviruses/.
Mendenhall, E., Kohrt, B. A., Norris, S. A., Ndetei, D., & Prabhakaran, D. 2017. Non-communicable disease syndemics: Poverty, depression, and diabetes among low-income populations. The Lancet, 389(10072): 951–963.
Meyer, K. E. 2004. Perspectives on multinational enterprises in emerging economies. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(4): 259–276.
Mialon, M., Swinburn, B., Allender, S., & Sacks, G. 2017. “Maximising shareholder value”: A detailed insight into the corporate political activity of the Australian food industry. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 41(2): 165–171.
Mialon, M., Vandevijvere, S., Carriedo-Lutzenkirchen, A., Bero, L., Gomes, F., Petticrew, M., et al. 2020. Mechanisms for addressing and managing the influence of corporations on public health policy, research and practice: A scoping review. BMJ Open, 10(7): e034082.
Montiel, I., Cuervo-Cazurra, A., Park, J., Antolín-López, R., & Husted, B. W. 2021. Implementing the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals in international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(5): 999–1030.
Moodie, R., Stuckler, D., Monteiro, C., Sheron, N., Neal, B., Thamarangsi, T., et al. 2013. Profits and pandemics: Prevention of harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food and drink industries. The Lancet, 381(9867): 670–679.
Morens, D. M., Folkers, G. K., & Fauci, A. S. 2004. The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Nature, 430(6996): 242–249.
Morse, S. S. 1995. Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 1(1): 9.
Morse, S. S., Mazet, J. A., Woolhouse, M., Parrish, C. R., Carroll, D., Karesh, W. B., et al. 2012. Prediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoonosis. The Lancet, 380(9857): 1956–1965.
Mukherjee, A., & Ekanayake, E. M. 2009. Epistemic communities and the global alliance against tobacco marketing. Thunderbird International Business Review, 51(3): 207–218.
Müller, M. F., Penny, G., Niles, M. T., Ricciardi, V., Chiarelli, D. D., Davis, K. F., et al. 2021. Impact of transnational land acquisitions on local food security and dietary diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020535118.
Nagel, K., Herzer, D., & Nunnenkamp, P. 2015. How does FDI affect health? International Economic Journal, 29(4): 655–679.
O’Brien, S. 2013. Communicable disease epidemics. In S. O’Brien (Ed.), Oxford handbook of public health practice: 166–177. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199586301.003.0017.
Open Society Justice Initiative. 2010. Corruption and its consequences in Equatorial Guinea. Retrieved 20 Oct 2021 from https://www.justiceinitiative.org/publications/corruption-and-its-consequences-equatorial-guinea.
Oxfam. 2004. Like machines in the fields: Workers without rights in American agriculture. Oxfam America. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/research-publications/like-machines-in-the-fields/.
Palazzo, G., & Richter, U. 2005. CSR business as usual? The case of the tobacco industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 61(4): 387–401.
Park, J., Montiel, I., Husted, B. W., & Balarezo, R. 2022. The grand challenge of human health: A review and an urgent call for business-health research. Business & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/00076503211073519.
Pavli, A., & Maltezou, H. 2017. Health problems of newly arrived migrants and refugees in Europe. Journal of Travel Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tax016.
Piret, J., & Boivin, G. 2021. Pandemics throughout history. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11: 631736.
Priyadarsini, S. L., Suresh, M., & Huisingh, D. 2020. What can we learn from previous pandemics to reduce the frequency of emerging infectious diseases like COVID-19? Global Transitions, 2: 202–220.
Rashak, H. A., Sánchez-Pérez, H. J., Abdelbary, B. E., Bencomo-Alerm, A., Enriquez-Ríos, N., Gómez-Velasco, A., et al. 2019. Diabetes, undernutrition, migration and indigenous communities: Tuberculosis in Chiapas, Mexico. Epidemiology & Infection, 147: e71.
Reade, C., McKenna, M., & Oetzel, J. 2019. Unmanaged migration and the role of MNEs in reducing push factors and promoting peace: A strategic HRM perspective. Journal of International Business Policy, 2(4): 377–396.
Reyes, R., Ahn, R., Thurber, K., & Burke, T. F. 2013. Urbanization and infectious diseases: General principles, historical perspectives, and contemporary challenges. In I. W. Fong (Ed.), Challenges in infectious diseases: 123–146. Springer.
Rohr, J. R., Barrett, C. B., Civitello, D. J., Craft, M. E., Delius, B., DeLeo, G. A., et al. 2019. Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production. Nature Sustainability, 2(6): 445–456.
Rose, A. K. 2004. Do we really know that the WTO increases trade? American Economic Review, 94(1): 98–114.
Ruan, L., & Zeng, G. 2008. SARS epidemic: SARS outbreaks in inner-land of China. In Y. Lu, M. Essex, & B. Roberts (Eds.), Emerging infections in Asia: 75–96. Springer.
Saker, L., Lee, K., Cannito, B., Gilmore, A., & Campbell-Lendrum, D. H. 2004. Globalization and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages. World Health Organization. Retrieved 6 Feb 2021 from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/68726.
Scherer, A. G., & Palazzo, G. 2011. The new political role of business in a globalized world: A review of a new perspective on CSR and its implications for the firm, governance, and democracy. Journal of Management Studies, 48(4): 899–931.
Schmidt, C. W. 2009. Swine CAFOs & novel H1N1 flu: Separating facts from fears. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(9): A394–A401.
Scruggs, C. E., & Van Buren, H. J. 2016. Why leading consumer product companies develop proactive chemical management strategies. Business & Society, 55(5): 635–675.
Shah, N. K. 2013. Corporate philanthropy and conflicts of interest in public health: ExxonMobil, Equatorial Guinea, and malaria. Journal of Public Health Policy, 34(1): 121–136.
Shearn, I. T. 2020. South Jersey seasonal farmworkers with COVID-19 infections now up to 400. NJ Spotlight News, May 22. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://www.njspotlightnews.org/2020/05/two-fatalities-reported-as-south-jersey-seasonal-farm-workers-with-covid-19-infections-grows-to-400/.
Shlomowitz, R., & Brennan, L. 1994. Epidemiology and Indian labor migration at home and abroad. Journal of World History, 5(1): 47–67.
Smith, F. 2015. Natural resources and global value chains: What role for the WTO? International Journal of Law in Context, 11(2): 135–152.
Smith, R. D. 2006. Trade and public health: Facing the challenges of globalisation. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60(8): 650–651.
Solinap, G., Wawrzynski, J., Chowdhury, N., Zaman, H., Abid, T., Hoque, T. A., et al. 2019. A disease burden analysis of garment factory workers in Bangladesh: Proposal for annual health screening. International Health, 11(1): 42–51.
Stuckler, D., McKee, M., Ebrahim, S., & Basu, S. 2012. Manufacturing epidemics: The role of global producers in increased consumption of unhealthy commodities including processed foods, alcohol, and tobacco. PLOS Medicine, 9(6): e1001235.
Subramanian, A., & Wei, S.-J. 2007. The WTO promotes trade, strongly but unevenly. Journal of International Economics, 72(1): 151–175.
Taubenberger, J. K., & Morens, D. M. 2009. Pandemic influenza: Including a risk assessment of H5N1. Revue Scientifique Et Technique, 28(1): 187–202.
Teh, J.-S., & Rubin, H. 2009. Dealing with pandemics: Global security, risk analysis, and science policy. In H. Kunreuther, & M. Useem (Eds.), Learning from catastrophes: Strategies for reaction and response: 211–234. Upper Saddle River.
Tempels, T., Blok, V., & Verweij, M. 2020. Injustice in food-related public health problems: A matter of corporate responsibility. Business Ethics Quarterly, 30(3): 388–413.
Todd, E. C. D. 2004. Microbiological safety standards and public health goals to reduce foodborne disease. Meat Science, 66(1): 33–43.
Tognotti, E. 2009. Influenza pandemics: A historical retrospect. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 3(5): 331–334.
United Nations. 2018. The world’s cities in 2018: Data booklet. Retrieved 4 May 2020 from http://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3799524.
Van Cranenburgh, K., & Arenas, D. 2014. Strategic and moral dilemmas of corporate philanthropy in developing countries: Heineken in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(3): 523–536.
Van Tulder, R., Rodrigues, S. B., Mirza, H., & Sexsmith, K. 2021. The UN’s sustainable development goals: Can multinational enterprises lead the decade of action? Journal of International Business Policy, 4(1): 1–21.
van Vliet, J. 2019. Direct and indirect loss of natural area from urban expansion. Nature Sustainability, 2(8): 755–763.
Villena, V. H., & Gioia, D. A. 2018. On the riskiness of lower-tier suppliers: Managing sustainability in supply networks. Journal of Operations Management, 64: 65–87.
Villena, V. H., & Gioia, D. A. 2020. A more sustainable supply chain. Harvard Business Review, 98(2): 84–93.
Wang, L.-F., Shi, Z., Zhang, S., Field, H., Daszak, P., & Eaton, B. T. 2006. Review of bats and SARS. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(12): 1834–1840.
Washer, P. 2010. Emerging infectious diseases and society. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Watts, S. J. 1987. Population mobility and disease transmission: The example of guinea worm. Social Science & Medicine, 25(10): 1073–1081.
Webb, J. 2018. How many suppliers do businesses have? How many should they have? Forbes, February 28. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jwebb/2018/02/28/how-many-suppliers-do-businesses-have-how-many-should-they-have/.
Wegenast, T., & Beck, J. 2020. Mining, rural livelihoods and food security: A disaggregated analysis of sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 130: 104921.
WHO Global Influenza Programme, & World Health Organization. 2009. Pandemic influenza preparedness and response: A WHO guidance document. Retrieved 5 Oct 2021 from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44123.
Wilhelm, M., Blome, C., Wieck, E., & Xiao, C. Y. 2016. Implementing sustainability in multi-tier supply chains: Strategies and contingencies in managing sub-suppliers. International Journal of Production Economics, 182: 196–212.
Willen, S. S., Knipper, M., Abadía-Barrero, C. E., & Davidovitch, N. 2017. Syndemic vulnerability and the right to health. The Lancet, 389(10072): 964–977.
Wilson, M. E. 2003. The traveller and emerging infections: Sentinel, courier, transmitter. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 94(Suppl): 1S-11S.
World Trade Organization. 1998. Understanding the WTO agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures. Retrieved 3 Nov 2021 from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsund_e.htm.
World Health Organization. 2007. Ethical considerations in developing a public health response to pandemic influenza. No. WHO/CDS/EPR/GIP/2007.2. Retrieved 18 Oct 2021 from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/70006.
World Health Organization. 2012. International travel and health: Situation as on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/75329.
World Health Organization. 2015. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/summary-of-probable-sars-cases-with-onset-of-illness-from-1-november-2002-to-31-july-2003.
World Tourism Organization. 2020. International tourism growth continues to outpace the global economy. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://www.unwto.org/international-tourism-growth-continues-to-outpace-the-economy.
World Wide Fund For Nature. 2020. COVID 19: Urgent call to protect people and nature. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/covid19-urgent-call-to-protect-people-and-nature.
World Health Organization. 2020a. Communicable diseases. WHO Regional Office for Africa. Retrieved 17 Nov 2020 from https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/communicable-diseases.
World Health Organization. 2020b. International Day of Epidemic Preparedness. Retrieved 5 Oct 2021 from https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2020b/12/27/default-calendar/international-day-of-epidemic-preparedness.
World Health Organization. 2021. Communicable disease outbreaks. Retrieved 19 Oct 2021 from https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/emergencies/disease-outbreaks.
Wu, T., Perrings, C., Kinzig, A., Collins, J. P., Minteer, B. A., & Daszak, P. 2017. Economic growth, urbanization, globalization, and the risks of emerging infectious diseases in China: A review. Ambio, 46(1): 18–29.
Wu, Y., Li, S., & Yu, S. 2016. Monitoring urban expansion and its effects on land use and land cover changes in Guangzhou city, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(1): 54.
Xu, K., Hitt, M. A., Brock, D., Pisano, V., & Huang, L. S. R. 2021. Country institutional environments and international strategy: A review and analysis of the research. Journal of International Management, 27(1): 100811.
Yadav, P. 2015. Health product supply chains in developing countries: Diagnosis of the root causes of underperformance and an agenda for reform. Health Systems & Reform, 1(2): 142–154.
Yakovleva, N., & Vazquez-Brust, D. A. 2018. Multinational mining enterprises and artisanal small-scale miners: From confrontation to cooperation. Journal of World Business, 53(1): 52–62.
Young, S. L., & Makhija, M. V. 2014. Firms’ corporate social responsibility behavior: An integration of institutional and profit maximization approaches. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(6): 670–698.
Yusuf, S., & Nabeshima, K. 2005. Creative industries in East Asia. Cities, 22(2): 109–122.
Zhu, T. J., Aranda Larrey, Y., & Santos, V.-J. 2015. What do multinational firms want from cities? Competitive cities for jobs and growth, Companion Paper 5. World Bank. Retrieved 28 Oct 2021 from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/23571.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Editor-in-Chief Alain Verbeke, the Consulting Editor Stav Fainshmidt and two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments to improve our article. We also thank the experts in public health (Luisa N. Borrell), epidemiology (Elizabeth Kelvin), microbiology (Abraham Albert Held), environmental health (Cristina Villanueva), history (Joshua Large), non-profit management (Núria Molina, Anna Frader Stefanovic), international business (Farok Contractor), and the food industry (Claudia Rivera) for sharing their knowledge with us. For financial support, Montiel and Park thank the Lawrence N. Field Center for Entrepreneurship at Baruch College, the City University of New York.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Accepted by Stav Fainshmidt, Consulting Editor, 4 February 2022. This article has been with the authors for two revisions.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Montiel, I., Park, J., Husted, B.W. et al. Tracing the connections between international business and communicable diseases. J Int Bus Stud 53, 1785–1804 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-022-00512-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-022-00512-y