Abstract
It is shown by using a rather elementary argument in Mathematical Logic that if indeed, quantum theory does violate the famous Bell Inequalities, then quantum theory must inevitably also violate all valid mathematical statements, and in particular, such basic algebraic relations like 0 = 0, 1 = 1, 2 = 2, 3 = 3, … and so on …
An interest in that result is due to the following three alternatives which it imposes upon both Physics and Mathematics:
Quantum Theory is inconsistent.
Quantum Theory together with Mathematics are inconsistent.
Mathematics is inconsistent.
In this regard one should recall that, up until now, it is not known whether Mathematics is indeed consistent.
1 Bell Inequalities Conundrum
1.1 The Bell Inequalities belong to Pure Mathematics, and NOT at all to Physics …
Recently it was shown, [1–3], that the Bell Inequalities, [4], are not violated by the quantum theory, contrary to the long ongoing customary and rather unanimous claim by many quantum physicists, a claim which simply turns out to be but the consequence of an elementary error in connecting mathematical abstractions with statistical data. Consequently, the irrelevance of the Bell Inequalities in Physics, in the sense that neither classical, nor quantum systems violate the Bell Inequalities.
Given the above, obviously a number of misconceptions still keep persisting today regarding both the Bell Inequalities as such, and their relation to Quantum Physics. Also, it is hardly at all known, let alone understood, among many physicists that the Bell Inequalities are purely mathematical statements, that is, they follow logically from elementary algebraic properties of the real numbers in ℝ, and thus do not need any sort of physical arguments in order to prove them, [1, 5]. In fact, the Bell Inequalities are mathematical consequences of inequalities proved in the Appendix of George Boole’s 1854 classic book “The Laws of Thought”, [5], thus long before the emergence of Quantum Theory.
Amusingly however, the triplet of seemingly independent recent papers [6–8], claims to have - at long last - completed the proof of the more than half a century old allegation that quantum physics violates the Bell Inequalities, and the many co-authors of these papers argue that they have closed all the loopholes in the previously presented various proofs, see also [9]. They use a variation of Bell’s inequality that is called the Clauser-Horn-Shimony-Holt inequality, which is precisely the inequality discussed by Leggett, [10], and of which the Bell Inequality is a special case, namely, when D = A, in Leggett’s notation.
Following soon after the mentioned triplet of papers, rather surprising statements regarding the above conundrum appeared in [11, 12].
The novelty in these two papers is that the mentioned conundrum is shown to reach to such deep levels that, in fact, it can be seen as a “clash between whole mathematical theories”, which in this case are, on one hand, various possible mathematical theories of quantum theory, and on the other hand, theories of pure mathematics. Namely:
Consequently, the Bell Inequalities cannot be violated by quantum theory, but only and only by one or another mathematical theory of quanta, and specifically, by some mathematical statement which happens to belong to one or another mathematical theory of quanta. After all, and all too obviously, quanta as such do not belong to Mathematics, while clearly, only the modern theories of quanta do so.
In view of (A) and (B) above, it is shown - as a rather simple and elementary consequence in Mathematical Logic - that in case “quantum theory” would indeed violate the Bell Inequalities, then “quantum theory” would in fact violate the whole of Mathematics as well, thus in particular for instance, “quantum theory” would have to violate relations like 0 = 0, 1 = 1, 2 = 2, 3 = 3, … and so on …
1.2 Global Inconsistency ?
This paper attempts to makes more explicit the possibility shown in [11, 12] of the truly deeper implications which would inevitably result in case, when indeed, quantum theory would violate the Bell Inequalities.
Namely, as a rather trivial logical consequence of such a violation, the following three inevitable alternatives would sum up the situation in Physics and Mathematics:
Quantum Theory is inconsistent.
Quantum Theory together with Mathematics are inconsistent.
Mathematics is inconsistent.
In this regard one should recall that, up until now, it is not known whether Mathematics is consistent.
It follows that, perhaps, we should rather hope that, indeed, the Bell Inequalities are irrelevant, that is, quantum theory does not violate them, just as classical systems do not, since otherwise the … Hell … of the above three inevitable alternatives 1), 2) and 3) would break loose upon us …
This is indeed the stark reality we may face, as argued in this paper …
However, amusingly, due to latest developments in Mathematics and Mathematical Logic such a stark reality may as well be dealt with, as mentioned briefly in the following.
2 Modern Interaction between Physics and Mathematics
The presently predominant way of interaction between theories of Physics, and on the other hand, the various disciplines of Mathematics - interaction on the level of aiming at a more precise formulation of the former - can be traced back to Newton’s master piece “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica”, published on 5 July, 1687, and in which the fundamentals of Classical Mechanics are presented in an axiomatic manner. In Mathematics itself, the axiomatic method goes back to Euclid’s presentation of Geometry, in the 4th century BC. In Physics, however, the mentioned approach of Newton, coming about two millennia later, is considered to be the origin of axiomatization.
For convenience, a brief presentation of the essential aspects of the general mathematical axiomatic method can be found in the Appendix 1 of [11], and the notations there will be used also in the following.
And now, to the origin of the Bell inequalities.
As seemingly hardly known among physicists, the Bell Inequalities are in fact purely mathematical properties, that is, their formulation and proof does not need any other considerations, except for mathematical ones, [1–3, 5]. Furthermore, the Mathematics used in both stating and proving them is but a rather simple elementary Algebra of the real numbers in ℝ.
It was George Boole in his 1854 classic “The Laws of Thought” where, in the Appendix, he introduced and dealt with a class of inequalities which, when later extended mathematically, ended up by containing the Bell inequalities as well, and the respective extensions happened before and/or independently of the discovery of quanta. In this way, it is due to the typical limited familiarity with Mathematics on the part of many physicists which, in a way, resulted in John Bell’s unintended and unconscious plagiarizing, when claiming originality with his inequalities.
And now to some brief and relevant considerations related to the axiomatic method.
Much of the theory of quanta - when formulated mathematically - is limited to the Mathematics determined by the axioms of the Zermelo - Fraenkel Set Theory, [13]. The meaning of that is in brief as follows.
Let us denote the set of all the Zermelo - Fraenkel axioms by 𝓐set, [11, 13]. Then as also follows from [11], we have 𝓐set ⫋ 𝓕set, where 𝓕set is the set of all so called well-formed formulas - or briefly wff-s - in the alphabet Aset of Set Theory. Further, we have a set ρset of logical deduction rules, [11], which operate as follows
thus, to each subset P of wff-s-called premises - the logical deduction rules ρset associate a subset Q of wff-s - called deductions - and do so by a process which uses exclusively the classical binary valued Logic of Aristotle - Chrysippus.
The axiomatic method in the above particular case of the Zermelo - Fraenkel Set Theory, means that one starts with the specific axioms in the set 𝓐set, and applies to them the logical deduction rules ρset, obtaining thus a certain set of deductions. Then iteratively, one keeps applying the logical deduction rules ρset to the latest set of deductions obtained which now are considered as premises, and does so - in principle - unlimitedly many times.
The result of that axiomatic method is a corresponding set 𝓣set of theorems which constitute all Mathematics expressible by Set Theory. Clearly, we have, [11]
So much for Mathematics and Mathematical Logic, and let us now turn to Physics.
Let us denote by 𝓣q the set of theorems of a large enough part of a given theory of quanta, when they are formulated in mathematical terms. Here “large enough” means that it contains the mathematical formulation of the quantum arguments regarding the alleged violation of the Bell Inequalities by quantum theory. Then obviously, it is assumed - even if only rather tacitly on the part of physicists - that
or in other words, no theorem T ∈ 𝓣q, that is, no theorem T of the mentioned part of the theory of quanta - when considered in its mathematical formulation - is supposed to be mathematically incorrect.
On the other hand, in view of the previous remarks regarding the Bell Inequalities, we have as well
where TBell denotes the pure mathematical theorem stating the Bell Inequalities.
3 Does Quantum Theory Violate the Bell Inequalities ?
Now, the mentioned widely accepted claim, supported by books of famous physicists, [10], that “the quanta violate the Bell Inequalities”- a claim to which recently the further claim was added in [6–8] that the last loopholes in its experimental verification were at long last closed - amounts in the above formulation to the existence of a mathematical theorem, let us denote it by S, such that
In other words, there exists a theorem S among the set 𝓣q of theorems of the above mentioned relevant part of the theory of quanta, such that
Remark 3.1
Regarding the statement S in (5) let us note the following. In this case, the statement S is in fact the theoretical expression of the results of certain suitable quantum experiments, thus typically those results are expressed in numbers which describe the outcome of the experiments. For instance, according to the Copenhagen Interpretation, those numbers are computable from eigenvalues of Hermitian operators defining the observables which participated in the experiments.
Consequently, the expression of the particular claim that “quantum theory violates the Bell Inequalities" can only take the pure mathematical form in (6). And such an expression is possible, at least in principle, if experimental facts leading to the mentioned numbers get formulated as a mathematical statement S.
Indeed, in present day Physics, there is simply no other way to, so to say, “violate” Bell-type Inequalities, except to express the relevant experimental facts mathematically, see [10], including those which are claimed in [6–8] to have no longer loopholes …
In other words, the claimed “violation” can only happen in the realms of Pure Mathematics, since the Bell Inequalities do belong to those realms. □
Let us now recall that it is a typical and general feature of all sets of theorems 𝓣 in every axiomatic mathematical theory to have the following implication hold
where, with the above notation, 𝓕 is the set of all wff-s of the respective axiomatic theory, [11]. Similarly, we have as a typical and general feature of all sets of wff-s 𝓕 in every axiomatic mathematical theory the implication
which together with (3), (8) implies
that is, 𝓣set, and thus Set Theory, is contradictory, since it contains both the theorem TBelland its negation nonTBell.
However, the set 𝓣set of all mathematical theorems of Set Theory is considered to be contradiction free, although so far that property - or for that matter, the negation of that property - has not yet been proved.
Lastly, let us show that given any S in (5), then we have the following logical consequence, and at the same time, also a much stronger version of (6), namely
or in other words, the relation 6 holds not only in the particular case of the Bell inequalities given by the theorem TBell, but also for all valid mathematical statements in Set Theory, that is, for all theorems T ∈ 𝓣set.
In particular, as mentioned in [11, 12], it is true that:
If a valid quantum statement - be it of theoretical or experimental nature, yet expressed mathematically by S ∈ 𝓣q - violates the Bell Inequalities, then that statement S must also violate all other valid mathematical statements T ∈ 𝓣set, and thus in particular, relations such as 0 = 0, 1 = 1, 2 = 2, 3 = 3, ….
Indeed, the proof of (11) is as follows. Let us assume that (11) does not hold, and let us reformulate it conveniently in a logically equivalent form. For that purpose, we recall that, according to basic and elementary rules of the binary valued Logic of Aristotel - Chrysippus, we have the following logical equivalences, denoted by ≡, for arbitrary wff-s Q, Q′, Q″ ∈ 𝓕
hence regarding (11), we have
thus the expression in (11) is logically equivalent with
And then assuming that (11) does not hold, we obtain
In this way, both statements ((non S) ∨ (non TBell)) and (∃T0 ∈ 𝓣set : S ∧ T0) must be valid. And since in view of (5), S was supposed to be valid, it follows that non TBell must also be valid. And then, we are again back to the contradiction in (10).
Thus (11) does indeed hold.
Remark 3.2
In case it may turn out, however, that nevertheless, the above basic assumption is not correct, and Set Theory is in fact contradictory, then one may turn to [14–19] and the references cited there, where relevant and major latest extensions of Mathematical Logic and Mathematics are pointed out in the literature.
Dedication: Dedicated to Marie-Louise Nykamp
Acknowledgement
The author - with special appreciation and joy - acknowledges the vital contribution to this paper of Karl Hess who, as a co-author of [1], has been, and still is at the very center of what turned out to be more than a half century long ongoing “Bell inequalities Conundrum”. As can bee seen easily, much of what may be the action in this paper happens in such rather rarefied fields of Pure Mathematics, as Mathematical Logic, although there, it is on a very simple and basic level. And then, clearly, this paper can have relevance in Physics, only and only with the vital help of an appropriate physicist, and in this case, one with an understanding of truly basic issues which may come from a long academic record and essential involvement in clarifying that conundrum, as is the case with Karl Hess.
References
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© 2017 E. E. Rosinger
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- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Dynamics of the line-start reluctance motor with rotor made of SMC material
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Inhomogeneous dielectrics: conformal mapping and finite-element models
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Topology optimization of induction heating model using sequential linear programming based on move limit with adaptive relaxation
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of inter-turn short-circuit at start-up of induction machine based on torque analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Current superimposition variable flux reluctance motor with 8 salient poles
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Modelling axial vibration in windings of power transformers
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field analysis & eddy current losses calculation in five-phase tubular actuator
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Hybrid excited claw pole generator with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Electromagnetic phenomena analysis in brushless DC motor with speed control using PWM method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field-circuit analysis and measurements of a single-phase self-excited induction generator
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- A comparative analysis between classical and modified approach of description of the electrical machine windings by means of T0 method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field-based optimal-design of an electric motor: a new sensitivity formulation
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Application of the parametric proper generalized decomposition to the frequency-dependent calculation of the impedance of an AC line with rectangular conductors
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Virtual reality as a new trend in mechanical and electrical engineering education
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Holonomicity analysis of electromechanical systems
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- An accurate reactive power control study in virtual flux droop control
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Localized probability of improvement for kriging based multi-objective optimization
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Research of influence of open-winding faults on properties of brushless permanent magnets motor
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Optimal design of the rotor geometry of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor using the bat algorithm
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Model of depositing layer on cylindrical surface produced by induction-assisted laser cladding process
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of inter-turn faults in transformer winding using the capacitor discharge method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for optimal design of IPM machines for electric vehicle
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Lamination effects on a 3D model of the magnetic core of power transformers
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of vertical disparity in three-dimensional visualizations
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Calculations of magnetic field in dynamo sheets taking into account their texture
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- 3-dimensional computer model of electrospinning multicapillary unit used for electrostatic field analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Optimization of wearable microwave antenna with simplified electromagnetic model of the human body
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Induction heating process of ferromagnetic filled carbon nanotubes based on 3-D model
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Speed control of an induction motor by 6-switched 3-level inverter
Articles in the same Issue
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- Analysis of a New Fractional Model for Damped Bergers’ Equation
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- Application of ANNs approach for wave-like and heat-like equations
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Study on node importance evaluation of the high-speed passenger traffic complex network based on the Structural Hole Theory
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A mathematical/physics model to measure the role of information and communication technology in some economies: the Chinese case
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Numerical modeling of the thermoelectric cooler with a complementary equation for heat circulation in air gaps
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- On the libration collinear points in the restricted three – body problem
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Research on Critical Nodes Algorithm in Social Complex Networks
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A simulation based research on chance constrained programming in robust facility location problem
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A mathematical/physics carbon emission reduction strategy for building supply chain network based on carbon tax policy
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Mathematical analysis of the impact mechanism of information platform on agro-product supply chain and agro-product competitiveness
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A real negative selection algorithm with evolutionary preference for anomaly detection
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A privacy-preserving parallel and homomorphic encryption scheme
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Random walk-based similarity measure method for patterns in complex object
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A Mathematical Study of Accessibility and Cohesion Degree in a High-Speed Rail Station Connected to an Urban Bus Transport Network
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Design and Simulation of the Integrated Navigation System based on Extended Kalman Filter
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Oil exploration oriented multi-sensor image fusion algorithm
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Analysis of Product Distribution Strategy in Digital Publishing Industry Based on Game-Theory
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Expanded Study on the accumulation effect of tourism under the constraint of structure
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Unstructured P2P Network Load Balance Strategy Based on Multilevel Partitioning of Hypergraph
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Research on the method of information system risk state estimation based on clustering particle filter
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Demand forecasting and information platform in tourism
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Physical-chemical properties studying of molecular structures via topological index calculating
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Local kernel nonparametric discriminant analysis for adaptive extraction of complex structures
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- City traffic flow breakdown prediction based on fuzzy rough set
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Conservation laws for a strongly damped wave equation
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Blending type approximation by Stancu-Kantorovich operators based on Pólya-Eggenberger distribution
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Computing the Ediz eccentric connectivity index of discrete dynamic structures
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A discrete epidemic model for bovine Babesiosis disease and tick populations
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Study on maintaining formations during satellite formation flying based on SDRE and LQR
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Relationship between solitary pulmonary nodule lung cancer and CT image features based on gradual clustering
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A novel fast target tracking method for UAV aerial image
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of interuniversity collaborative learning based on network
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Conservation laws, classical symmetries and exact solutions of the generalized KdV-Burgers-Kuramoto equation
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- After notes on self-similarity exponent for fractal structures
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Excitation probability and effective temperature in the stationary regime of conductivity for Coulomb Glasses
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Comparisons of feature extraction algorithm based on unmanned aerial vehicle image
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Research on identification method of heavy vehicle rollover based on hidden Markov model
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Classifying BCI signals from novice users with extreme learning machine
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Topics on data transmission problem in software definition network
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Statistical inferences with jointly type-II censored samples from two Pareto distributions
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Estimation for coefficient of variation of an extension of the exponential distribution under type-II censoring scheme
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Analysis on trust influencing factors and trust model from multiple perspectives of online Auction
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Coupling of two-phase flow in fractured-vuggy reservoir with filling medium
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Production decline type curves analysis of a finite conductivity fractured well in coalbed methane reservoirs
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Flow Characteristic and Heat Transfer for Non-Newtonian Nanofluid in Rectangular Microchannels with Teardrop Dimples/Protrusions
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- The size prediction of potential inclusions embedded in the sub-surface of fused silica by damage morphology
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Research on carbonate reservoir interwell connectivity based on a modified diffusivity filter model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- The method of the spatial locating of macroscopic throats based-on the inversion of dynamic interwell connectivity
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Unsteady mixed convection flow through a permeable stretching flat surface with partial slip effects through MHD nanofluid using spectral relaxation method
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- A volumetric ablation model of EPDM considering complex physicochemical process in porous structure of char layer
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Numerical simulation on ferrofluid flow in fractured porous media based on discrete-fracture model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Macroscopic lattice Boltzmann model for heat and moisture transfer process with phase transformation in unsaturated porous media during freezing process
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Modelling of intermittent microwave convective drying: parameter sensitivity
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Simulating gas-water relative permeabilities for nanoscale porous media with interfacial effects
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Simulation of counter-current imbibition in water-wet fractured reservoirs based on discrete-fracture model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Investigation effect of wettability and heterogeneity in water flooding and on microscopic residual oil distribution in tight sandstone cores with NMR technique
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Analytical modeling of coupled flow and geomechanics for vertical fractured well in tight gas reservoirs
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Special Issue: Ever New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Erratum to: The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Rhetoric, logic, and experiment in the quantum nonlocality debate
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- What If Quantum Theory Violates All Mathematics?
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Relativity, anomalies and objectivity loophole in recent tests of local realism
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Bohr against Bell: complementarity versus nonlocality
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Is Einsteinian no-signalling violated in Bell tests?
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Bell’s “Theorem”: loopholes vs. conceptual flaws
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Nonrecurrence and Bell-like inequalities
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Three-dimensional computer models of electrospinning systems
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Electric field computation and measurements in the electroporation of inhomogeneous samples
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Modelling of magnetostriction of transformer magnetic core for vibration analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Comparison of the fractional power motor with cores made of various magnetic materials
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Dynamics of the line-start reluctance motor with rotor made of SMC material
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Inhomogeneous dielectrics: conformal mapping and finite-element models
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Topology optimization of induction heating model using sequential linear programming based on move limit with adaptive relaxation
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of inter-turn short-circuit at start-up of induction machine based on torque analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Current superimposition variable flux reluctance motor with 8 salient poles
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Modelling axial vibration in windings of power transformers
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field analysis & eddy current losses calculation in five-phase tubular actuator
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Hybrid excited claw pole generator with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Electromagnetic phenomena analysis in brushless DC motor with speed control using PWM method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field-circuit analysis and measurements of a single-phase self-excited induction generator
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- A comparative analysis between classical and modified approach of description of the electrical machine windings by means of T0 method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field-based optimal-design of an electric motor: a new sensitivity formulation
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Application of the parametric proper generalized decomposition to the frequency-dependent calculation of the impedance of an AC line with rectangular conductors
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Virtual reality as a new trend in mechanical and electrical engineering education
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Holonomicity analysis of electromechanical systems
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- An accurate reactive power control study in virtual flux droop control
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Localized probability of improvement for kriging based multi-objective optimization
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Research of influence of open-winding faults on properties of brushless permanent magnets motor
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Optimal design of the rotor geometry of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor using the bat algorithm
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Model of depositing layer on cylindrical surface produced by induction-assisted laser cladding process
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of inter-turn faults in transformer winding using the capacitor discharge method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for optimal design of IPM machines for electric vehicle
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Lamination effects on a 3D model of the magnetic core of power transformers
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of vertical disparity in three-dimensional visualizations
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Calculations of magnetic field in dynamo sheets taking into account their texture
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- 3-dimensional computer model of electrospinning multicapillary unit used for electrostatic field analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Optimization of wearable microwave antenna with simplified electromagnetic model of the human body
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Induction heating process of ferromagnetic filled carbon nanotubes based on 3-D model
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Speed control of an induction motor by 6-switched 3-level inverter