Quality of nursing care in pain management in orthopedic surgical patients: a scoping reviewABSTRACT
Objective: To map the evidence on quality nursing care practices in pain management in orthopedic surgical patients.
Method: Scoping review, as per the JBI Manual recommendations. Searches were performed in the MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS (Regional VHL), Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Cinahl databases, and gray literature, regardless of language and period. Selection and extraction were performed by two independent reviewers, using inclusion/exclusion criteria, and the extracted data were organized to reflect key themes or recurring patterns related to the purpose of the review.
Results: A total of 94 studies were included, most from the United States, corresponding to 34% of the sample, and published between 1997 and 2022. The findings were categorized into: nursing quality practices in pain management related to the organization and monitoring of units, and pre- and post-operative period.
Conclusion: The research revealed that quality nursing care practices in pain management in orthopedic surgical patients encompass a variety of approaches, from the use of nonpharmacological practices and patient education to the use of pain assessment scales, staff training, to innovative pharmacological procedures.
DESCRIPTORES
Trauma Nursing; Quality of Health Care; Patient Safety; Pain, Postoperative; Evidence-Based Nursing
RESUMO
Objetivo: Mapear as evidências sobre as práticas de qualidade do cuidado de enfermagem na gestão da dor em pacientes cirúrgicos ortopédicos.
Método: Revisão de escopo, conforme as recomendações do Manual JBI. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS (BVS Regional), Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Cinahl e literatura cinzenta, independentemente do idioma e período. A seleção e a extração foram realizadas por dois revisores independentes, utilizando critérios de inclusão/exclusão, e os dados extraídos foram organizados para refletir os principais temas ou padrões recorrentes relacionados ao objetivo da revisão.
Resultados: Foram incluídos 94 estudos, a maioria dos Estados Unidos, correspondendo a 34% da amostra, e publicados entre 1997 e 2022. Os achados foram categorizados em práticas de qualidade de enfermagem na gestão da dor relacionadas à organização e monitoramento das unidades, e período pré e pós-operatório.
Conclusão: A pesquisa revelou que as práticas de qualidade do cuidado de enfermagem na gestão da dor em pacientes cirúrgicos ortopédicos abrangem uma variedade de abordagens, desde o uso de práticas não farmacológicas e educação ao paciente até o uso de escalas de avaliação da dor, capacitação da equipe, treinamento, até procedimentos farmacológicos inovadores.
DESCRITORES
Enfermagem em Ortopedia e Traumatologia; Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde; Segurança do Paciente; Dor Pós-Operatória; Enfermagem Baseada em Evidências
RESUMEN
Objetivo: Mapear la evidencia sobre las prácticas de atención de enfermería de calidad en el manejo del dolor en pacientes de cirugía ortopédica.
Método: Revisión del alcance, según las recomendaciones del Manual del JBI. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos MEDLINE. (PubMed), LILACS (BVS Regional), Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Cinahl y literatura gris, independientemente del idioma y época. La selección y extracción fueron realizadas por dos revisores independientes, utilizando criterios de inclusión/exclusión, y los datos extraídos se organizaron para reflejar temas clave o patrones recurrentes relacionados con el objetivo de la revisión.
Resultados: Se incluyeron 94 estudios, la mayoría de Estados Unidos, correspondientes al 34% de la muestra, y publicados entre 1997 y 2022. Los hallazgos se categorizaron en prácticas de enfermería de calidad en el manejo del dolor relacionadas con la organización y seguimiento de las unidades, y períodos pre y postoperatorios.
Conclusión: La investigación reveló que las prácticas de atención de enfermería de calidad en el manejo del dolor en pacientes de cirugía ortopédica abarcan una variedad de enfoques, desde el uso de prácticas no farmacológicas y la educación del paciente hasta el uso de escalas de evaluación del dolor, capacitación de equipos, capacitación e incluso procedimientos farmacológicos innovadores.
DESCRIPTORS
Enfermería de Trauma; Calidad de la Atención de Salud; Seguridad del Paciente; Dolor Postoperatorio; Enfermería Basada en la Evidencia
INTRODUCTION
The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) has updated the concept of pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage (1). Within this new concept, important aspects must be considered: pain is always a personal experience that is influenced, to varying degrees, by biological, psychological, and social factors; pain and nociception are different phenomena, that is, pain cannot be determined exclusively by the activity of sensory neurons; through life experiences, people learn the concept of pain; a person’s report on a pain experience must be respected. Although pain often serves an adaptive role, it can have adverse effects on social and psychological function and well-being; and verbal description is just one of several behaviors for expressing pain(1).
In addition to its subjective aspect, pain integrates underlying physiological processes involving the sensory and autonomic nervous systems, circulating catecholamines, and other stress response hormones, and immune system responses to autonomic and hormonal signaling. Clinically, pain states can be acute or chronic. Acute pain is characterized as a symptom and tends to resolve itself when the cause of the pain is resolved. Chronic pain, in turn, is characterized by a pathological process, with changes in the pain modulation system, and central sensitization(2).
Postoperative pain is the most common form of acute pain, affecting 80% of patients undergoing surgery. The recovery time after the procedure directly impacts the frequency and intensity of pain, which tends to be more intense in the first 24 hours post-operatively(2,3). It is generally a predictable and temporary consequence of the physical injury caused by the surgical procedure, a protective biological function that aids in recovery by limiting movements and behaviors that may cause additional damage to the tissue, as well as a response of the immune and inflammatory systems for the recovery of the injured tissue(2,4).
Patients undergoing orthopedic surgery may experience pain in its acute, chronic form, or a combination of both, with less than half of all surgical patients reporting adequate pain relief(5). In orthopedic surgeries, effective pain relief allows for better mobility, rehabilitation and accelerates the return to daily activities(6).
Despite increased focus on understanding and treating postoperative pain and the development of evidence-based recommendations and best practices in the pursuit of effective pain management, postoperative pain control remains suboptimal regardless of hospital system, type of surgery, or country(2,7). Inadequate pain control during the postoperative period can result in chronic pain, negatively affecting patients’ quality of life and increasing care costs for health services.(2,3,4,8). Aiming at improving the quality of pain management, accrediting institutions, such as the Joint Commission, sought to establish standards that include quality practices in care for various professional categories, including nursing(8).
The search for constant improvement in the quality of health care brings changes that generate better results for patients, integrating elements of clinical practice that can be standardized in a given context(2).
In the hospital context, the nurse is the health professional who is most frequently responsible for evaluating the patient’s response to the therapy used for pain relief, as they are the ones who manage the administration of prescribed analgesia and the use of non-pharmacological practices(9). Therefore, the nursing team plays a fundamental role in pain management because they are the health professionals who work on the front line in patient care. Therefore, pain assessment and care are essential skills and are fundamental to the quality of care provided to patients(10).
Effective pain management is the main objective of postoperative care and contributes to patient recovery, return to activities, comfort and a sense of well-being and satisfaction, and reduction of time, and costs of hospitalization(11). Although there is consensus among scientific evidence and health professionals about the importance of quality pain management in the postoperative period, pain control after a surgical procedure remains a major problem during hospitalization, with pain reported as moderate to severe in 51% of patients(7).
Identifying quality practices in pain management contributes to the search for high-quality, safe and efficient care, benefiting both patients and professionals, and is essential to advancing knowledge in the area and improving health care(2,10).
Some primary studies have been published on the topic and a preliminary search of the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), COCHRANE DATABASE and JBI Evidence Synthesis databases was conducted, and no systematic or scoping reviews on the topic were found. The objective of this study was to map the evidence on quality nursing care practices in pain management in orthopedic surgical patients.
METHOD
Design of Study
This is a scoping review study based on the theoretical framework proposed and developed by the JBI, specific to this type of study(12), being reported according to the assumptions of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension or Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR)(13).
The scoping review is well suited to this research, which aims to take a broad approach to the topic to find gaps in the literature and support future research. The protocol for this review was registered, as recommended by JBI, on the registration platform Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/tfwuh) with DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/TFWUH(14).
Review Question Identification
To construct the question, the acronym PCC (Population, Concept and Context), recommended for scoping reviews, was used. Based on these definitions, the research question was established: “Which quality nursing care practices in pain management in orthopedic surgical patients are recommended and performed in the hospital setting?”, where Population = Orthopedic surgical patients; Concept = Quality nursing practices in pain management; and Context = hospital environment.
Eligibility Criteria
Population: Studies involving adult orthopedic surgical patients in a hospital setting during the pre- and/or post-operative period were considered, regardless of the nature or extent of the surgery performed. Studies that did not answer the research question were excluded.
Concept: As a concept, studies containing quality nursing care practices in pain management in orthopedic surgical procedures were considered. The quality of nursing care is defined as all practices that involve holistic patient care, which encompasses issues of meeting patient needs, nurses’ competence and empathy, better patient outcomes and satisfaction(15). For pain management, studies were considered that described practices related to the essential competencies of nurses in the management of acute and chronic pain, which involve the multidimensional nature of pain, pain assessment and measurement, pain management, and the context of pain management(16).
Context: The research context was developed in the hospital environment, where medical care and patient treatment activities are concentrated. This environment is crucial for understanding pain management during the surgical period and issues related to hospital management and health policies.
Design of study: We considered experimental and quasi- experimental study designs, including randomized and non-randomized clinical trials, before-and-after studies, and time series. Observational studies, including cohort studies, case- control studies and cross-sectional studies, case series and case reports, as well as clinical practice protocols and guidelines. Literature reviews, dissertations and text articles, and expert opinion were also considered for inclusion in this scoping review.
Publications that did not meet the objectives of the study, that did not contain information relevant to the proposed scenario, and that did not address the chosen concept and context were excluded.
Search Strategy and Information Sources
The search took place from May to October 2023, by two independent reviewers, and a three-stage search strategy was used for this review. An initial limited search of MEDLINE (Pubmed) and CINAHL was performed, followed by analysis of the text words contained in the title and abstract, and the index terms used to describe the article, as exemplified in Chart 1. A thorough secondary search was conducted across all databases included in the review: MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS (Regional VHL), Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane and Cinahl, using the key words and index terms identified in the initial search. To help identify any additional studies, a tertiary literature search was conducted by examining the reference lists of all literature that met the inclusion criteria for this review. The review considered studies in any language and with no publication date limit. The grey literature search included: Websites of pain organizations, Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, Protocols and Clinical Guidelines recognized by government agencies and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).
Search and mapping of terms carried out in the MEDLINE database on 05/22/2023 Niterói, RJ, Brasil, 2023.
Study Selection
Records were imported into the EndNote reference manager (Clarivate Analytics, PA, USA) and duplicate studies were removed. Then, the generated EndNote references were exported to the online platform for systematic reviews Rayyan QCRI(17). Subsequently, the studies were selected in two stages by two independent reviewers. First, through the analysis of titles and abstracts and, then, the selected studies that met the eligibility criteria and that had consensus between the two reviewers were read in full for inclusion or exclusion. Any disagreements arising between reviewers were resolved through discussion, and there was no need for a third reviewer.
Data Extraction and Presentation of Results
The information from the documents selected for analysis was independently extracted by two reviewers, using spreadsheets from Microsoft Excel®. The extracted data included specific details about the population, concept, context, study methods, and main findings relevant to the purpose of the review. The first part of the extraction profiled the studies containing the following topics: Author and year of publication; Study location; Design of Study; Sample size; Type of orthopedic surgery and Hospital (type and hospitalization sector). Following data extraction, the findings were consolidated in a table that highlighted the main characteristics of the studies included in the research, providing an overview of all the material used and its relevance to the topic, and were described regarding: quality nursing practices in pain management related to the organization of units and patient monitoring; quality nursing practices in pain management in the pre- and postoperative period. Therefore, the data extracted were organized to reflect key themes or recurring patterns related to the purpose of the review.
Data are presented in figures and tables, accompanied by a narrative analysis.
RESULTS
The database search retrieved 3,962 potentially relevant studies/records. A total of 453 duplicate documents were excluded. The title and abstract of 3,509 publications were analyzed, with 3,263 being excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria. Thus, 246 studies were fully assessed for eligibility. At the end, 94 studies(18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111) were included to compose the final review sample (Figure 1).
Chart 2 presents a summary of the studies. Of the 94 studies included, 90 were published in English(18,19,20,21,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111), two in Portuguese(36,37), one in German(22), and one in Polish(77). Regarding the publication period, the studies are between the years 1997 and 2022, with greater growth in production from 2015 onwards. As for the origin, thirty-six were produced on the American continent(18,19,20,21,23,24,25,30,34,36,37,40,41,42,45,46,50,51,58,59,60,61,63,68,69,71,72,74,76,78,91,92,97,98,104,108,109,110), twenty-nine on the Asian continent(11,12,15,16,17,22,23,27,28,36,37,39,40,41,50,54,57,64,71,77,78,79,86), twenty four in Europe(22,26,29,35,62,64,67,75,77,83,84,85,86,88,89,90,91,99,100,101,103,105,106,107,111), and five in the Oceania(48,49,66,81,82). The countries with the highest volume of publications were: United States of America with thirty-two (34%), China with fifteen (16%), and Sweden with nine (8.5%). Among the publications analyzed, review studies stood out as the most used, comprising 35.7% of the total, followed by randomized clinical trials (25.7%). In the search in other data sources, what was retrieved was not included for not meeting the inclusion criteria; in the database search, two recommendations(78,91), one consensus(47), and a master’s thesis(20) were included.
The quality practices in pain management found in the studies were classified according to the organization of units and patient monitoring and the operative period in which they were applied (Chart 3). Regarding the organization of units and patient monitoring, the searches used the nursing team training and evidence-based practice, the use of protocols and care planning as intervention; they were carried out regardless of the operative time and had as objective the management of pain based on the organization of services.
Regarding the period in which the best practices were used, we observed that the interventions studied were sometimes repeated, such as the use of some non-pharmacological practices; therefore, another classification was made in relation to the operative period (pre- and post-operative).
Data extraction revealed a series of relevant practices associated with pain management, among which the highlight was the use of non-pharmacological approaches for pain relief, evidenced in 34.4% of cases. Furthermore, cases of effective management (14.6%), education for pain self-management (13.5%), adoption of innovative procedures (10.4%), formation of specialized pain management teams (10.4%), use of pain assessment scales (5.2%), individualized attention (4.2%), and active patient participation in care decisions (7.3%) were identified.
DISCUSSION
This review allowed the mapping of quality nursing care practices in pain management in orthopedic surgical patients. Quality of care is an essential element of healthcare delivery, and nurses play a vital role in managing postoperative pain care, ensuring that patients receive adequate and individualized pain relief, promoting their overall well-being and recovery.
The IASP also defines a minimum curriculum that brings together knowledge that nurses must have to adequately manage the pain(112). In Brazil, the role of nurses in pain management is regulated by Cofen Resolution 581/2018(113).
Studies mention the importance of a nursing team specialized in pain(56,82,89,103,105,109), as well as the importance of multidisciplinary(35,44,59,62,105) teamwork. Since pain control is an important outcome to be monitored when we think about the quality and safety of care, and that, despite this, hospitalized patients still have their pain treated ineffectively, research that focuses on strategies that can impact the pain management performed is essential to transform the practice(9,113,114).
A considerable number of the selected studies was focused on professional training, evidence-based practice, definition of care protocols, and use of audits to evaluate the practice used as a form of intervention to make pain management performed by nurses effective, safe and based on best practices.
The organization of units and monitoring of the patient after surgery are crucial to ensure treatment effectiveness and safety. This includes several management practices found in the studies, such as: staff empowerment(36,37,47,52,55,56,57,60,62,67,69,70,73,84,87,88,89,91,92,103,109), standard protocol implementation and education(19,22,26,29,36,38,41,42,44,45,63,65,97,100,107), evidence-based practice(30,49,50,51,66,67,68,76,80,88,104,107,111), care planning(23,27,33,86,90,104), use of algorithm(34,48), assessment through audits(64,89), working conditions in pain assessment(77), flowchart(79), use of checklist(105), provision of non-pharmacological treatment kit(110), and creation of a specific guide for cryotherapy(111). The aim of these strategies is to encourage a systematic and efficient approach to pain management after surgery, ensuring quality of care and continuous improvement of clinical processes.
It is important that all quality practices are based on scientific evidence, and that an institutionalized protocol is established, standardizing conduct and flows in care. Pain assessment, using validated and standardized instruments at the institution, was cited in several studies(18,21,23,34,37,42,43,44,46,49,56,63,66,68,69,75,78,79,81,91,95,100). The assessment and delivery of effective and safe care is reflected in a culture of excellence and results in the achievement of aimed results(115,116). One of the authors presented a different recommendation from those reported, which is individual performance feedback, a process in which health professionals receive specific information about the quality and effectiveness of their practices related to pain control in patients, and the results indicated that supplying feedback to nurses about their previous pain management practices can improve postoperative pain outcomes for patients(58).
During the pre- and post-operative period, studies showed the relevance of a multimodal pain treatment, involving pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches in pain management. This approach can minimize the amount of opioids administered and associated risks. Despite this, many surgical patients still receive only pharmacological treatment for pain. Within this context, nurses play a fundamental role in implementing non-pharmacological practices for pain management in health services. In the preoperative period, several non-pharmacological practices were employed in the studies, including acupuncture(23), music therapy(25,53,57), relaxation therapy (such as guided imagery and meditation)(31,54,63), deep breathing(39,60), cryotherapy(45), transcutaneous neurostimulation(45), and reiki therapy(92). In the postoperative period, the most commonly used pain relief therapies included cryotherapy(48,50,51,52,60,62,69,72,102,104,110,111), music therapy(25,36,53,57,60,73,97,98,99), relaxation therapy (such as guided imagery and meditation)(22,31,36,38,54,63,69,109), acupuncture(22,24,27,28,55), massage(24,62,96,99,110), repositioning and early ambulation(33,62,69,100), deep breathing(39,99), hyperthermotherapy(46,83), vibrational therapy(20), aromatherapy(36), dog therapy(41), transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation(45), spiritual strengthening(60), low-intensity laser acupuncture(70), healing touch (HT)(76), and Reiki therapy(92).
Studies also emphasized the importance of patient-centered care. This is a model of care that places the patient at the center of the decision-making process, considering their individual needs, desires and values when planning their care (117). This model, in addition to strengthening safety in care processes, has an impact on pain management, given the multidimensionality and subjectivity of pain. Thus, education for pain self-management was cited in several studies highlighting its importance(22,24,32,33,39,42,44,47,50,56,62,71,83,85,87,89,91,93,94,95,106), even as an educational policy of the institution for self-control of pain(20,44,59,61,68,74,75,82,87,106).
Other studies brought individualized care with an emphasis on patients’ active participation in care decisions(32,56,65,68,81,82,85,91,106) and in sleep quality management (39,40,41,43), including the use of booklets(95,107) and the cognitive-behavioral approach(101) as strategies. These practices aim to optimize preoperative pain management and improve the patient experience during the orthopedic surgical process.
Some studies have shown that the pain mechanism is not the same, it occurs differently for each person, being considered a personal and non-transferable(118,119,120) experience, a multidimensional and subjective phenomenon, which makes its evaluation a complex process, since it cannot be objectively measured(120). Thus, the studies selected in this review address precisely education for pain self-management, patient participation in care decisions and individualized care, team training and patient assessment and monitoring, highlighting the role of nurses in pain management, in the sense that when they perform well-structured and individualized pain management, the results for pain control and patient satisfaction are positive.
There are new pharmacological procedures, such as multimodal pharmacological therapy(19,29,37,45,47,69,71), patient-controlled analgesia(67,71,74,75,78,108), and pre-analgesia in the post-anesthesia recovery unit(23). The use of pain assessment scales is common to monitor and quantify patients’ pain, providing an objective basis for treatment(18,21,37,43,56,69,75,85,95). These multidimensional approaches aim to improve postoperative pain management and provide better recovery for patients.
The limitation of this study, as it is a scoping review, is that it did not assess the quality and risk of bias of the primary studies and, therefore, does not provide recommendations on the effectiveness of the practices mentioned for pain management. However, the study provides an overview of the practices highlighted in the literature, placing nurses as protagonists of quality practices in pain management in orthopedic surgical patients. This study also contributes to the strengthening of non-pharmacological practices as it brings several possibilities of use for surgical patients.
CONCLUSION
The results of this review highlight the complexity and importance of pain management in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Postoperative pain was considered a significant challenge that affects these patients’ well-being and recovery. By analyzing a variety of sources, including experimental and observational studies, protocols, clinical guidelines, and gray literature, we were able to gather a wide range of valuable information. Quality practices in pain management performed by nurses were classified into organization of units and patient monitoring, and during pre- and post-operative period, bringing important actions, such as definition of protocols, team training, use of pain assessment instruments, non-pharmacological interventions and assessment through audits, which can assist leaders and professionals in the practice in patient care.
In conclusion, this research review provides a comprehensive overview of best nursing practices in the management of postoperative pain in orthopedic patients. The results and recommendations obtained can form a solid basis for improving treatment practices, improving patient outcomes and promoting continued development of treatment in this special group.
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