IMR Press / RCM / Volume 26 / Issue 3 / DOI: 10.31083/RCM26877
Open Access Review
Risk Factors for Adverse Outcomes in Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension
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Affiliation
1 Department of Internal Medicine, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
2 Department of Internal Medicine, Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Roseville, CA 95661, USA
3 Department of Internal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
4 Department of Hospital Medicine, Adventist Health Simi Valley, Simi Valley, CA 93065, USA
5 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
*Correspondence: yuri.matusov@cshs.org (Yuri Matusov)
Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2025, 26(3), 26877; https://doi.org/10.31083/RCM26877
Submitted: 9 October 2024 | Revised: 27 November 2024 | Accepted: 30 November 2024 | Published: 17 March 2025
Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.
This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Abstract

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare, life-threatening condition that can be associated with connective tissue disease (CTD). The incidence and prevalence of PH in CTD varies by disease, whereby certain disease manifestations are particularly associated with PH; nonetheless, once present, PH is almost uniformly a major driver of adverse outcomes. In this paper, the authors review the published literature on major CTDs, including systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and summarize the risk factors for developing PH in each disease and risk factors for adverse outcomes and mortality among patients with CTD-PH. This review highlights the need for early diagnosis of PH in CTD and the impact of PH overlap syndromes on patient outcomes, providing the practicing clinician with a practical summary of CTD-PH.

Keywords
pulmonary hypertension
connective tissue disease
autoimmune disease
scleroderma
systemic lupus erythematosus
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