Risk of Environmental Contamination by Gastrointestinal Parasites in Public Areas of the Central Plateau Microregion of Brazil: A Public Health Concern
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling
2.2. Sample Processing
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Environmental Fecal Samples
3.2. Diversity of Parasites Detected in Fecal Samples
3.3. Risk Associated with Area Contamination
4. Discussion
4.1. High Prevalence of Parasites in Environmental Fecal Samples: An Overview of the Study Area
4.2. Diversity of Parasites in Environmental Fecal Samples and Health Impacts
4.3. Perspectives on Public Policies in One Health Education
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Municipality | Inhabitants 1 | Sampled Areas | Stool Sample | Positive % (CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aparecida do Rio Doce | 2907 | 2 | 12 | 12 100 (73.5–100) |
Aporé | 4325 | 5 | 19 | 13 68.4 (43.5–87.4) |
Caiapônia | 16,507 | 8 | 38 | 29 76.3 (59.8–88.6) |
Chapadão do Céu | 12,870 | 4 | 16 | 15 93.8 (69.8–99.8) |
Castelândia | 2985 | 5 | 17 | 9 52.9 (27.8–77.0) |
Doverlândia | 6956 | 3 | 19 | 14 73.7 (48.8–90.9) |
Jataí | 105,729 | 9 | 62 | 50 80.7 (68.6–89.6) |
Estância (district) | 1 | 1 | 1 100 (2.5–100) | |
Naveslândia (district) | 2 | 7 | 6 85.7 (42.1–99.6) | |
Maurilândia | 10,304 | 5 | 17 | 9 52.9 (27.8–77.0) |
Mineiros | 70,081 | 10 | 42 | 31 73.8 (57.9–86.1) |
Montividiu | 12,521 | 6 | 23 | 19 83.6 (61.2–95.1) |
Palestina de Goiás | 3132 | 2 | 8 | 6 75.0 (34.9–96.8) |
Perolândia | 2964 | 3 | 18 | 16 88.9 (65.3–98.6) |
Portelândia | 3280 | 2 | 16 | 12 75.0 (47.6–92.7) |
Rio Verde | 225,696 | 25 | 133 | 70 52.6 (43.8–61.4) |
Santo Antônio da Barra | 4267 | 3 | 9 | 5 55.5 (21.2–86.3) |
Santa Helena de Goiás | 38,492 | 12 | 40 | 27 67.5 (50.9–81.4) |
Santa Rita do Araguaia | 5924 | 5 | 14 | 12 85.7 (57.2–98.2) |
Serranópolis | 8027 | 5 | 25 | 21 84 (63.9–95.5) |
536,973 | 117 | 536 | 37 770.3 (66.3–74.1) |
City Code | Ancylostomatidae | Toxocara spp. | Trichuris spp. | Strongyloides spp. | Dipylidium caninum | Spirometra spp. | Taeniidae | Platynosomum fastosum | Trematoda | Giardia spp. | Cystosospora spp. | Sarcocystis spp. | Entamoeba spp. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARD | 10/12 85.3 (51.6–97.9) | 1/12 8.3 (0.2–38.5) | 0 - | 0 - | 9/12 75.0 (42.8–94.5) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/12 8.3 (0.2–38.5) | 0 - | 0 - | 1/12 8.3 (0.2–38.5) |
Ap | 11/19 57.9 (33.5–79.8) | 1/19 5.3 (0.1–26.0) | 0 - | 0 - | 8/19 42.1 (20.3–66.5) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - |
Ca | 25/38 65.8 (48.7–80.4) | 4/38 10.5 (2.9–24.8) | 0 - | 0 - | 5/38 13.2 (4.4–28.14) | 0 - | 0 - | 1/38 2.6 (0.1–13.8) | 0 - | 2/38 5.3 (0.6–17.8) | 3/38 7.9 (1.7–21.4) | 0 - | 0 - |
ChC | 14/16 87.5 (61.7–98.6) | 1/16 6.3 (0.2–30.2) | 4/16 25.0 (7.3–52.4) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/16 6.3 (0.2–30.2) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 3/16 18.6 (4.1–45.7) | 0 - | 1/16 6.3 (0.2–30.2) |
Cast | 7/17 41.2 (18.4–67.1) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/17 5.9 (0.2–28.7) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/17 5.9 (0.2–28.7) | 0 - | 0 - | 2/17 11.8 (1.5–36.4) |
Do | 14/19 73.7 (48.8–90.9) | 1/19 5.3 (0.1–26.0) | 0 - | 0 - | 4/19 21.1 (6.1–45.6) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/19 5.3 (0.1–26.0) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - |
Es | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/1 100 (2.5–100) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - |
Ja | 24/62 38.7 (26.6–51.9) | 1/62 1.6 (0.1–8.7) | 1/62 1.6 (0.1–8.7) | 0 - | 32/62 51.6 (38.6–64.5) | 2/62 3.2 (0.4–11.2) | 0 - | 1/62 1.6 (0.1–8.7) | 0 - | 1/62 1.6 (0.1–8.7) | 10/62 16.1 (8.0–27.7) | 0 - | 0 - |
Ma | 7/17 41.2 (18.4–67.1) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/17 5.9 (0.2–28.7) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/17 5.9 (0.2–28.7) |
Mi | 28/42 66.7 (50.4–80.4) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 11/42 26.2 (13.9–42.1) | 0 - | 0 - | 1/42 2.4 (0.1–12.3) | 0 - | 1/42 2.4 (0.1–12.3) | 3/42 7.1 (1.5–19.5) | 0 - | 1/42 2.4 (0.1–12.3) |
Mo | 14/23 60.9 (38.5–80.3) | 1/23 4.4 (0.1–21.9) | 0 - | 0 - | 13/23 56.2 (34.5–76.8) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/23 4.4 (0.1–21.9) | 0 - | 0 - |
Na | 3/7 42.8 (9.9–81.6) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 5/7 71.4 (29.1–96.3) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/7 14.3 (0.4–57.9) |
PG | 4/8 50.0 (15.7–84.3) | 2/8 25.0 (3.2–65.1) | 0 - | 0 - | 4/8 50.0 (15.7–84.3) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/8 12.5 (0.3–52.7) | 0 - | 0 - |
Pe | 15/18 83.3 (58.6–96.4) | 3/18 16.7 (3.6–41.4) | 1/18 5.6 (0.1–27.3) | 1/18 5.6 (0.1–27.3) | 9/18 50.0 (26.0–74.0) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 2/18 11.1 (1.4–34.7) | 1/18 5.6 (0.1–27.3) | 0 - |
Po | 12/16 75.0 (47.6–92.7) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 4/16 25.0 (7.3–52.4) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 2/16 12.5 (1.6–38.4) | 0 - | 1/16 6.3 (0.2–30.2) |
RV | 56/133 42.1 (33.6–51.0) | 8/133 6.0 (2.6–11.5) | 0 - | 0 - | 11/133 8.3 (4.2–14.3) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/133 0.8 (0.0–4.1) | 9/133 6.8 (3.1–12.5) | 3/133 2.3 (0.5–6.5) | 0 - | 1/133 0.8 (0.0–4.1) |
SAB | 4/9 44.4 (13.7–78.8) | 0 - | 1/9 11.1 (0.3–48.3) | 0 - | 1/9 11.1 (0.3–48.3) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/9 11.1 (0.3–48.3) | 0 - | 0 - | 1/9 11.1 (0.3–48.3) |
SHG | 23/40 57.5 (40.9–73.0) | 4/40 10.0 (2.8–23.6) | 0 - | 0 - | 6/40 15.0 (5.7–29.8) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/40 2.5 (0.1–13.2) | 0 - | 2/40 5.0 (0.6–16.9) |
SRA | 12/14 85.7 (57.2–98.2) | 2/14 14.3 (1.8–42.8) | 2/14 14.3 (1.8–42.8) | 0 - | 4/14 28.6 (8.4–58.1) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 1/14 7.1 (0.2–33.9) | 0 - | 1/14 7.1 (0.2–33.9) |
Se | 20/25 80.0 (59.3–93.2) | 4/25 16.0 (4.5–36.1) | 0 - | 0 - | 9/25 36 (18.0–57.5) | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - | 0 - |
Total | 303/536 56.5 (52.3–60.7) | 33/536 6.2 (4.4–8.5) | 9/536 1.7 (0.9–3.2) | 1/536 0.2 (0–1.1) | 138/536 25.8 (22.2–29.6) | 2/536 0.4 (0.1–1.4) | 1/536 0.2 (0–1.1) | 3/536 0.6 (0.2–1.6) | 1/536 0.2 (0–1.1) | 17/536 3.2 (2.0–5.0) | 30/536 5.6 (4.0–7.9) | 1/536 0.2 (0–1.1) | 13/536 2.4 (1.4–4.1) |
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Martins, A.J.d.A.; Rocha, A.C.d.S.; Assis-Silva, Z.M.d.; Maia, G.O.; Alves-Ribeiro, B.S.; Duarte, R.B.; Moraes, I.d.S.; Urzedo, N.F.d.; Fernandes-Silva, L.; Gomes, A.P.C.; et al. Risk of Environmental Contamination by Gastrointestinal Parasites in Public Areas of the Central Plateau Microregion of Brazil: A Public Health Concern. Pathogens 2025, 14, 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14030211
Martins AJdA, Rocha ACdS, Assis-Silva ZMd, Maia GO, Alves-Ribeiro BS, Duarte RB, Moraes IdS, Urzedo NFd, Fernandes-Silva L, Gomes APC, et al. Risk of Environmental Contamination by Gastrointestinal Parasites in Public Areas of the Central Plateau Microregion of Brazil: A Public Health Concern. Pathogens. 2025; 14(3):211. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14030211
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartins, Ana Julia de Almeida, Alice Caroline da Silva Rocha, Zara Mariana de Assis-Silva, Guilherme Oliveira Maia, Bruna Samara Alves-Ribeiro, Raiany Borges Duarte, Iago de Sá Moraes, Nicoly Ferreira de Urzedo, Lizandra Fernandes-Silva, Ana Paula Carvalho Gomes, and et al. 2025. "Risk of Environmental Contamination by Gastrointestinal Parasites in Public Areas of the Central Plateau Microregion of Brazil: A Public Health Concern" Pathogens 14, no. 3: 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14030211
APA StyleMartins, A. J. d. A., Rocha, A. C. d. S., Assis-Silva, Z. M. d., Maia, G. O., Alves-Ribeiro, B. S., Duarte, R. B., Moraes, I. d. S., Urzedo, N. F. d., Fernandes-Silva, L., Gomes, A. P. C., Felizarda, S. M., Oliveira, M. P., Saturnino, K. C., Rezende, H. H. A., Rodrigues, R. M., Ramos, D. G. d. S., & Braga, Í. A. (2025). Risk of Environmental Contamination by Gastrointestinal Parasites in Public Areas of the Central Plateau Microregion of Brazil: A Public Health Concern. Pathogens, 14(3), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14030211