Synergistic effects of foliar applied glycine betaine and proline in enhancing rice yield and stress resilience under salinity conditions

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Plant Biology

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Introduction

Materials and Methods

Experimental field and soil analysis

Experimental layout and treatments

Meteorological parameters

Data collection

Growth, yield, and yield characteristics

Chemical analysis

Statistical analysis

Results

Climatic conditions during the rice growing seasons of 2021 and 2022

Impact of GB and PRO on rice agronomic performance

Correlation analysis of studied traits

Path analysis of agronomic and chemical traits on grain yield

Synergistic effects of glycine betaine and proline on agronomic and biochemical traits of rice

Principal component analysis of the combined effects of glycine betaine and proline on rice traits

Discussion

Conclusions

Supplemental Information

Additional Information and Declarations

Competing Interests

Author Contributions

Data Availability

Funding

This work was supported by King Saud University, project number (RSPD2025R931) Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.