Metabolomic analysis of bioactive compounds in dill (Anethum graveolens L.) extracts

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Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology

Main article text

 

Introduction

Materials & Methods

Plant collection

Chemicals and reagents

Cell culture

Aqueous extract preparation

Quantification of antioxidant activities

Determination of total phenolic content

Antioxidant assessments by a ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay

ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assay

Determination of oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay

1H NMR-based metabolomics analysis of medicinal plants

Detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species

Western blot analysis

Statistical analysis

Results

Percentage yield of dill leaf extracts

Metabolic profiles of dill leaf extracts

Antioxidant activities of aqueous-extracted dill leaves under various conditions

Correlation analysis of metabolites and antioxidant activities

Intracellular reactive oxygen species in HDFs following treatment with dill leaf extracts

Altered levels of longevity-associated proteins in dill leaf extract-treated HDFs

Discussion

Conclusion

Supplemental Information

Representative median 1H NMR spectra of all dill leaf extracts with water for six conditions

(A) 27 °C, 2 min; (B) 27 °C, 1 h; (C) 27 °C, 2 h; (D) 90 °C, 2 min; (E) 90 °C, 1 h; and (F) 90 °C, 2 h. Keys: 1, pantothenate; 2, leucine; 3, isoleucine; 4, valine; 5, α-ketoisovalerate; 6, β-hydroxybutyrate; 7, (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate; 8, lactate; 9, threonine; 10, alanine; 11, acetate; 12, α-hydroxyisovalerate; 13, isovalerate; 14, α-ketoisocaproate; 15, homocysteine; 16, methionine; 17, g -aminobutyrate; 18, succinate; 19, pyridoxamine; 20, citrate; 21, aspartate; 22, sarcosine; 23, acetylcholine; 24, 3,7-dimethylurate; 25, proline; 26, sucrose; 27, malate; 28, β-glucose; 29, cellobiose; 30, α-glucose; 31, uracil; 32, fumarate; 33, tyrosine; 34, phenylalanine; 35, tryptophan; 36, pyridoxal; 37, indole-3-lactate; 38, adenine; 39, inosine; and 40, formate; 41, folate. Data are represented in means ± SD (n = 5).

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Percentage yield of dill leaf extracts

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1D and 2D J-resolved 1H NMR Spectra of metabolic profiles of dill leaf extracts

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Quantification of absolute concentration of dill-identified metabolites at different conditions

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Raw data of 1H NMR metabolomics data

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Raw data of percentage yield of dill leaf extracts

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Raw data of absolute concentration of dill-identified metabolites, related to Fig. 3

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Raw data of antioxidant activities

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Raw data of percentage of cytosolic oxidation

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Raw data of western blot

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Raw data of the band signal intensity ratio of mTOR, Akt, AMPK, FOXO3, SIRT6, and β-actin

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Additional Information and Declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare there are no competing interests.

Author Contributions

Jirattiporn Thanuma conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Jutarop Phetcharaburanin analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Hasaya Dokduang performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Watcharin Loilome conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Poramate Klanrit conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Arporn Wangwiwatsin conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Nisana Namwat conceived and designed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Data Availability

The following information was supplied regarding data availability:

The raw data are available in the Supplemental Files.

Funding

This work was supported by a grant from Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University (grant. no. IN66080) and a Postgraduate Study Support Grant of Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University to JT and the NSRF under the Fundamental Fund of Khon Kaen University to NN. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.