Results 211 to 220 of about 1,264,993 (255)

A Structural Approach to Selection Bias

Epidemiology, 2004
The term "selection bias" encompasses various biases in epidemiology. We describe examples of selection bias in case-control studies (eg, inappropriate selection of controls) and cohort studies (eg, informative censoring). We argue that the causal structure underlying the bias in each example is essentially the same: conditioning on a common effect of ...
Miguel A, Hernán, Sonia, Hernández-Díaz, James M, Robins   +2 more
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A cultural approach to algorithmic bias in games

New Media & Society, 2020
As algorithms come to govern every aspect of our lives—from bank loans, to job applications, to traffic patterns, to our media consumption patterns—communication research has become increasingly concerned with how we govern algorithms. Building on the methodological frameworks established by critical information researchers like Safiya Noble, Tarleton ...
Aaron Trammell, Amanda L. L. Cullen
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A Bias-Variance Approach for the Nonlocal Means

SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 2011
This paper deals with the parameter choice for the nonlocal means (NLM) algorithm. After basic computations on toy models highlighting the bias of the NLM, we study the bias-variance trade-off of this filter so as to highlight the need of a local choice of the parameters. Relying on Stein's unbiased risk estimate, we then propose an efficient algorithm
Vincent Duval, Jean-François Aujol, Yann Gousseau   +2 more
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Cognitive Bias Modification Approaches to Anxiety

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2012
Clinical anxiety disorders and elevated levels of anxiety vulnerability are characterized by cognitive biases, and this processing selectivity has been implicated in theoretical accounts of these conditions. We review research that has sought to evaluate the causal contributions such biases make to anxiety dysfunction and to therapeutically alleviate ...
Colin, MacLeod, Andrew, Mathews
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The Regression BIAS Method: A Unified Approach for Detecting Item BIAS and Selection BIAS

Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1985
Although several different procedures are available for detecting item bias and selection bias, there does not appear to be a single procedure for detecting both types of bias. It is proposed that the Regression Model, which is popular in selection bias research, be adopted for item bias detection, thereby providing a common framework for studying both
Nambury S. Raju, Jacques Normand
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Bias modification training can alter approach bias and chocolate consumption

Appetite, 2016
Recent evidence has demonstrated that bias modification training has potential to reduce cognitive biases for attractive targets and affect health behaviours. The present study investigated whether cognitive bias modification training could be applied to reduce approach bias for chocolate and affect subsequent chocolate consumption.
Sophie E, Schumacher, Eva, Kemps, Marika, Tiggemann   +2 more
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A Bias Event Approach

2020
Abstract Chapter 10 develops an approach for identifying empirical cases of violence against women in politics. It begins by outlining methodological challenges related to under-reporting, comparisons, and intersectionality. The chapter argues that work on hate crimes offers a way forward, as this approach explicitly seeks to develop ...
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Structural Approach to Bias in Meta‐analyses

Research Synthesis Methods, 2011
Methods to calculate bias‐adjusted estimates for meta‐analyses are becoming more popular. The objective of this paper is to use the structural approach to bias and causal diagrams to show that (i) the current use of the bias‐adjusted estimating tools may sometimes introduce bias rather than reduce it and (ii) the Cochrane collaboration risk of bias ...
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Mesh Bias for the Eigenerosion Approach

PAMM, 2018
AbstractIn fracture mechanics, having the right crack path is a necessary condition for achieving reliable results. On the other hand, a discretized continuum is unable to represent a random crack path perfectly. Thus, challenges lie ahead on the accuracy of the numerical representation of this crack.
Aurel Qinami, Michael Kaliske
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Hindsight bias and causal reasoning: a minimalist approach

Cognitive Processing, 2011
What factors contribute to hindsight bias, the phenomenon whereby the known outcome of an event appears obvious only after the fact? The Causal Model Theory (CMT) of hindsight bias (Nestler et al. in Soc Psychol 39:182-188, 2008a; in J Expl Psychol: Learn Mem Cog 34:1043-1054, 2008b; Pezzo in Mem 11:421-441, 2003; Wasserman et al.
Jennelle E. Yopchick, Nancy S. Kim
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