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The CJEU Between Two Fires: Judicial Independence Criteria for Article 267 TFEU References

This note will analyse the Court of Justice’s changing standards for judicial independence for the purpose of Article 267 TFEU references. In the recent judgment of L.G., the Court used the “presumption of independence” approach for the first time since it had been established in the Getin Noble Bank case. As a result, the Court in L.G.
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The Shifting Landscape of Judicial Independence Criteria Under the Preliminary Reference Procedure: A Comment on the CJEU’s Recent Case Law and the Trajectory of Article 267 TFEU

Hague Journal on the Rule of Law
Abstract The preliminary reference procedure forms the foundation of judge-to-judge dialogue in the EU, which has been imperative to the inclusion of member state courts in the Union’s judicial system. In response to the Union’s ever-growing rule of law problem, the CJEU strengthened judicial independence criteria to fortify the Article 2 TEU
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The precautionary principle and genetically modified organisms: A bone of contention between European institutions and member states. [PDF]