Results 181 to 190 of about 22,366 (236)
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Environmental Science & Technology, 1985
The authors consider the possible environmental hazards of releases of coal liquefaction products in freshwater systems. Work that has been carried out on the assessment of acute and chronic toxicities of water-soluble fractions of synthetic oils to aquatic organisms is reviewed. The possible effects of insoluble oil components are also discussed.
Jeffery M. Giddings +2 more
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The authors consider the possible environmental hazards of releases of coal liquefaction products in freshwater systems. Work that has been carried out on the assessment of acute and chronic toxicities of water-soluble fractions of synthetic oils to aquatic organisms is reviewed. The possible effects of insoluble oil components are also discussed.
Jeffery M. Giddings +2 more
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The Energy Journal, 1980
The relative quantities of coal, petroleum (plus natural gas liquids), and natural gas proved and currently available in the United States are 18 X 1015 British thermal units (Btu), 3.7 X 1015 Btu, and 2.5 X 1015 Btu, respectively. The relative total recoverable resources are 134 X 1015 Btu for coal, 11.2 X 1015 Btu for petro- leum, and 9.5 X 1015 Btu
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The relative quantities of coal, petroleum (plus natural gas liquids), and natural gas proved and currently available in the United States are 18 X 1015 British thermal units (Btu), 3.7 X 1015 Btu, and 2.5 X 1015 Btu, respectively. The relative total recoverable resources are 134 X 1015 Btu for coal, 11.2 X 1015 Btu for petro- leum, and 9.5 X 1015 Btu
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Fuel, 1986
Abstract Recycle distillates from a coal liquefaction continuous pilot plant, which used prehydrogenated anthracene oil as a start-up solvent and up to seven successive passes over an operation time of 800 h, were analysed by 13 C and 1 H n.m.r. to give average structure and molecular parameters.
Jean-Jacques Delpuech +4 more
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Abstract Recycle distillates from a coal liquefaction continuous pilot plant, which used prehydrogenated anthracene oil as a start-up solvent and up to seven successive passes over an operation time of 800 h, were analysed by 13 C and 1 H n.m.r. to give average structure and molecular parameters.
Jean-Jacques Delpuech +4 more
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Co-liquefaction of Micro Algae with Coal Using Coal Liquefaction Catalysts
Energy & Fuels, 2001Co-liquefaction of micro algae (Chlorella, Spirulina, and Littorale) with coal (Australian Yallourn brown coal and Illinois No. 6 coal) was carried out under pressurized H2 in 1-methylnaphthalene at 350−400 °C for 60 min with various catalysts. Co-liquefaction of Chlorella with Yallourn coal was successfully achieved with excess sulfur to iron (S/Fe ...
Na-oki Ikenaga +4 more
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RESEARCH NEEDS FOR COAL GASIFICATION AND COAL LIQUEFACTION
Energy, 1980Abstract We describe essential features of developing coal-gasification and coal-liquefaction technologies and summarize the current development status and important R&D needs for these processes.
S.S. Penner +11 more
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1981
The liquefaction of coal requires primarily an increase in the proportion of hydrogen to carbon by weight two-or three-fold and the atomic H/C ratio may be increased from 0.7 to up to about 2.5. In addition, the very large complex molecular structure of the coal, containing a few thousand atoms, needs to be broken down into chemical structures ...
L. Grainger, J. Gibson
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The liquefaction of coal requires primarily an increase in the proportion of hydrogen to carbon by weight two-or three-fold and the atomic H/C ratio may be increased from 0.7 to up to about 2.5. In addition, the very large complex molecular structure of the coal, containing a few thousand atoms, needs to be broken down into chemical structures ...
L. Grainger, J. Gibson
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Iodine-catalyzed coal liquefaction
Energy & Fuels, 1992Coals of two different ranks were liquefied in high yields using catalytic quantities of elemental iodine or iodine compounds. Iodine monochloride was found to be especially effective for enhancing both coal conversion and product quality. It appears that enhancement in coal conversion is due to the unique ability of iodine to catalyze radical-induced ...
J. T. Joseph +2 more
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1983
This paper presents a brief state of the art review of direct coal liquefaction. The review includes important pilot scale processes available for the liquefaction an a brief description of the structure of coal and the chemistry, mechanism and available lumped kinetic models for the liquefaction process.
Y. T. Shah, P. C. Singh, A. Calimli
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This paper presents a brief state of the art review of direct coal liquefaction. The review includes important pilot scale processes available for the liquefaction an a brief description of the structure of coal and the chemistry, mechanism and available lumped kinetic models for the liquefaction process.
Y. T. Shah, P. C. Singh, A. Calimli
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1988
Coal liquefaction reactions include several types which are related to the thermal or degradation reactions of the coal itself or to subsequent reactions of the coal fragments. When coal liquefaction is conducted in a liquid phase, i.e., in the presence of a solvent, dissolution is usually considered an essential first step.
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Coal liquefaction reactions include several types which are related to the thermal or degradation reactions of the coal itself or to subsequent reactions of the coal fragments. When coal liquefaction is conducted in a liquid phase, i.e., in the presence of a solvent, dissolution is usually considered an essential first step.
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Coal liquefaction and catalysis
Fuel, 1994Abstract There appears to be considerable potential for improving the processing and economics of direct coal liquefaction through the development and application of highly dispersed catalysts, where the aims are to promote the process of primary coal dissolution, and produce a solubilized product that can be readily upgraded in a second stage over a
F DERBYSHIRE, T HAGER
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