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Radiation Research, 1961
the sun at the time of these flares. The peak intensity near the earth's orbit may be much higher than that of the galactic cosmic-ray background. There is evidence that the radiations originating in solar flares consist of particles usually having nonrelativistic velocities, but at times with energies extending well up into the relativistic range ...
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the sun at the time of these flares. The peak intensity near the earth's orbit may be much higher than that of the galactic cosmic-ray background. There is evidence that the radiations originating in solar flares consist of particles usually having nonrelativistic velocities, but at times with energies extending well up into the relativistic range ...
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2021
Cosmic rays are not rays. They are high energy particles arriving from outside the atmosphere, produced by the Sun and a number of different types of high energy astronomical sources. I first explain how, in the early twentieth century Victor Hess in a high altititude balloon showed that they do not have a terrrestrial origin, and how Robert Millikan ...
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Cosmic rays are not rays. They are high energy particles arriving from outside the atmosphere, produced by the Sun and a number of different types of high energy astronomical sources. I first explain how, in the early twentieth century Victor Hess in a high altititude balloon showed that they do not have a terrrestrial origin, and how Robert Millikan ...
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2010
Primary cosmic rays almost never reach sea level. Secondary particles do. Hadrons, electrons and γ-rays interact immediately with the rock and are quickly absorbed. 10 meters of rock provide two to three times more column depth than the whole atmosphere. Only very high energy muons (E > 500 GeV) can penetrate deep underground where they can be detected
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Primary cosmic rays almost never reach sea level. Secondary particles do. Hadrons, electrons and γ-rays interact immediately with the rock and are quickly absorbed. 10 meters of rock provide two to three times more column depth than the whole atmosphere. Only very high energy muons (E > 500 GeV) can penetrate deep underground where they can be detected
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2010
Cosmic rays are an essential part of the Universe. Their origin is interrelated with the main processes and the dynamics of star formation, stellar evolution, supernova explosions and to the state and conditions of the interstellar matter in the Galaxy.
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Cosmic rays are an essential part of the Universe. Their origin is interrelated with the main processes and the dynamics of star formation, stellar evolution, supernova explosions and to the state and conditions of the interstellar matter in the Galaxy.
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2010
Cosmic ray showers are cascades initiated by cosmic rays interacting in the atmosphere. Cascades had already been observed in the 1920s when a single track belonging to a charged particle was observed to split into two tracks. The observations of showers led to the development of the electromagnetic cascade theory in the 1930s with the participation of
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Cosmic ray showers are cascades initiated by cosmic rays interacting in the atmosphere. Cascades had already been observed in the 1920s when a single track belonging to a charged particle was observed to split into two tracks. The observations of showers led to the development of the electromagnetic cascade theory in the 1930s with the participation of
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2010
As we discussed in the previous chapter, primary cosmic rays interact with the atmosphere and produce fluxes of secondary, tertiary, etc. particles. All these particles together create a cascade, called an air shower. In principle, measurements of air shower particles can be interpreted in terms of the energy spectrum and the composition of the primary
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As we discussed in the previous chapter, primary cosmic rays interact with the atmosphere and produce fluxes of secondary, tertiary, etc. particles. All these particles together create a cascade, called an air shower. In principle, measurements of air shower particles can be interpreted in terms of the energy spectrum and the composition of the primary
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2010
Once accelerated at supernova shocks, cosmic rays have to propagate through the interstellar medium before we detect them. The interstellar medium contains matter, magnetic fields and radiation fields, all of which are targets for cosmic ray interactions. Cosmic ray protons scatter in the magnetic fields and slowly diffuse away from their sources.
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Once accelerated at supernova shocks, cosmic rays have to propagate through the interstellar medium before we detect them. The interstellar medium contains matter, magnetic fields and radiation fields, all of which are targets for cosmic ray interactions. Cosmic ray protons scatter in the magnetic fields and slowly diffuse away from their sources.
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Properties of Heavy Secondary Fluorine Cosmic Rays: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer
Physical Review Letters, 2021Jiahui Wei, Yi Jia, Geng Chen
exaly
Superdiffusion of cosmic rays in compressible magnetized turbulence
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2022Yue Hu, Siyao Xu, Alex Lazarian
exaly
Properties of Iron Primary Cosmic Rays: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer
Physical Review Letters, 2021Jiahui Wei, Yi Jia, Geng Chen
exaly