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2021
Cosmic rays are not rays. They are high energy particles arriving from outside the atmosphere, produced by the Sun and a number of different types of high energy astronomical sources. I first explain how, in the early twentieth century Victor Hess in a high altititude balloon showed that they do not have a terrrestrial origin, and how Robert Millikan ...
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Cosmic rays are not rays. They are high energy particles arriving from outside the atmosphere, produced by the Sun and a number of different types of high energy astronomical sources. I first explain how, in the early twentieth century Victor Hess in a high altititude balloon showed that they do not have a terrrestrial origin, and how Robert Millikan ...
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Radiation Research, 1961
the sun at the time of these flares. The peak intensity near the earth's orbit may be much higher than that of the galactic cosmic-ray background. There is evidence that the radiations originating in solar flares consist of particles usually having nonrelativistic velocities, but at times with energies extending well up into the relativistic range ...
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the sun at the time of these flares. The peak intensity near the earth's orbit may be much higher than that of the galactic cosmic-ray background. There is evidence that the radiations originating in solar flares consist of particles usually having nonrelativistic velocities, but at times with energies extending well up into the relativistic range ...
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2010
This book is not a book on high energy physics and particle interactions. We have, however, to give the reader some information on the structure of matter and the interactions between its building blocks, because these are necessary for the understanding of the phenomena of cosmic ray acceleration, propagation in the Universe, and detection.
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This book is not a book on high energy physics and particle interactions. We have, however, to give the reader some information on the structure of matter and the interactions between its building blocks, because these are necessary for the understanding of the phenomena of cosmic ray acceleration, propagation in the Universe, and detection.
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2010
Primary cosmic rays almost never reach sea level. Secondary particles do. Hadrons, electrons and γ-rays interact immediately with the rock and are quickly absorbed. 10 meters of rock provide two to three times more column depth than the whole atmosphere. Only very high energy muons (E > 500 GeV) can penetrate deep underground where they can be detected
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Primary cosmic rays almost never reach sea level. Secondary particles do. Hadrons, electrons and γ-rays interact immediately with the rock and are quickly absorbed. 10 meters of rock provide two to three times more column depth than the whole atmosphere. Only very high energy muons (E > 500 GeV) can penetrate deep underground where they can be detected
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2010
Cosmic ray showers are cascades initiated by cosmic rays interacting in the atmosphere. Cascades had already been observed in the 1920s when a single track belonging to a charged particle was observed to split into two tracks. The observations of showers led to the development of the electromagnetic cascade theory in the 1930s with the participation of
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Cosmic ray showers are cascades initiated by cosmic rays interacting in the atmosphere. Cascades had already been observed in the 1920s when a single track belonging to a charged particle was observed to split into two tracks. The observations of showers led to the development of the electromagnetic cascade theory in the 1930s with the participation of
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Closing in on the origin of Galactic cosmic rays using multimessenger information
Physics Reports, 2020Julia Tjus, Lukas Merten
exaly
The Astrophysics of Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2011Kumiko Kotera, Angela V Olinto
exaly