Grounding resistance - Open Access .click

IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2015
In cases where the grounding system is buried in soils characterized by poor contact with the electrodes (e.g., karst and sandy terrains), the contact resistance frequently represents a dominant component of the total grounding resistance. In such cases, estimation of the grounding resistance by conventional formulas given in the literature is useless,
Jovan Trifunovic, MIOMIR Kostic
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Ground resistance-revisited

IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1989
The nature of ground resistance is examined to explain the high impedance of faults directly to ground as contrasted to conventionally assumed low-impedance ground faults to neutral conductors or to towers with low footing resistance. High-impedance faults are shown to be inherently nonlinear due to the characteristics of soil.
D.I. Jeerings, J.R. Linders
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Evaluation of ground resistance of a grounding grid of any

IEEE Power Engineering Review, 1991
A large number of grounding grids in substations have shapes other than a square or a rectangle, whereas the formulas and graphs for the ground resistance of a grounding grid available in the literature are applicable only to nearly square or rectangular grids.
B. Thapar, V. Gerez, A. Balakrishnan, D.A. Blank +3 more
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7. clean energy
soil resistivity
grounding device

impulse grounding resistance
single-phase grounding fault